Uncomfortable physical effects
A discomforting physical effect can be defined as any substance-induced alteration of one's physical state which is unpleasant, undesirable, uncomfortable, painful or otherwise a source of distress. They most often indicate a temporary and normal part of the manner in which the substance interacts with the body but can also indicate the need for attention or medical treatment if they begin to feel unusually overwhelming.
Those who use substances, especially hallucinogens, should also be aware that some of the other effects that the substance may produce (such as anxiety, paranoia, disconnectivity and delusions) may lead to a distorted perception of what is actually happening the user. While this risk can be partly mitigated by taking harm reduction measures such as having a knowledgeable and trustworthy [[trip sitter] to watch over and provide sober, third-party input, it should be remembered the potential consequences that may result from these effects can never be mitigated completely.
This page lists and describes the various discomforting physical states which can occur under the influence of certain psychoactive compounds:
Abnormal heartbeat
Abnormal heartbeat (also called an arrhythmia or dysrhythmia) is defined as a problem with the rate or rhythm of a heartbeat.[1] A heartbeat that is too fast (greater than 100 beats per minute) is called tachycardia and a heartbeat that is too slow (less than 60 beats per minute) is called bradycardia. Arrhythmias are caused by changes to heart tissue. Hearts beat due to cascading electrical signals and these can be influenced by stress hormones, electrolytes, and medicinal substances.
An abnormal heartbeat is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant and depressant compounds, such as cocaine,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] amphetamines,[9][10][11][12][13] alcohol,[13] and opioids.[13][14][15] While stimulants tend to increase a person's heart rate, depressants tend to decrease it. Combining the two can often result in dangerously irregular heartbeats.
Constipation
Constipation can be described as bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. It usually results in painful defecation and small, compact faeces. Symptoms of substance constipation may be reduced by increasing the amount of dietary fruit, fibre, and water consumed. Laxatives may also be used for temporary relief.
Constipation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as nausea, dehydration, and difficulty urinating. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of opioid compounds, such as heroin, tramadol, fentanyl, and kratom.
Decreased heart rate
Decreased heart rate or bradycardia can be described as a heart rate that is lower than the normal heart rate at rest. The average healthy human heart normally beats 60 to 100 times a minute when a person is at rest. When the heart rate fluctuates to lower levels under 60 BPM, it is described as bradycardia or an abnormally low heart rate.
It is worth noting that decreased heart rate can often be a result of psychological symptoms as a natural response to relaxation, anxiety suppression, sedation, and mindfulness.
Decreased heart rate is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of depressant compounds, such as GABAergics, and opioids. However, it can also occur under the influence of cannabinoids, dissociatives, and stimulants.
Dehydration
Dehydration can be described as an uncomfortably dry mouth and feelings of general thirstiness that results due to a lack of water intake. Untreated dehydration generally results in delirium, unconsciousness, swelling of the tongue, and (in extreme cases) death. The formal definition of dehydration is defined as an excessive loss of body water within a living organism which results in an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.
At lower levels, substance-induced dehydration can be generally described as a sense of consistent and uncomfortable thirst which necessitates sipping at a drink to maintain fluid levels and to avoid an uncomfortably dry mouth. At extreme levels (which generally only occur through the use of deliriants), the dehydration can become so powerful that the person may find themselves with painfully dry eyes and mucous membranes in a manner which results in extreme difficulty swallowing.
Dehydration is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as dry mouth, headaches, dizziness, decreased blood pressure, and fainting when standing up. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of compounds such as, stimulants, psychedelics, opioids, dissociatives, deliriants, cannabinoids, alcohol, and antipsychotics.
Water intoxication
It's important to note that regardless of how dehydrated a person may become under the influence of any substance, careful effort and consideration should always be put into ensuring that they do not drink water excessively as it can result in a state known as water intoxication. This can be potentially fatal and is classed as a disturbance in brain functions that results when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside of safe limits by over-hydration. Although extremely rare, there have been a few notable deaths which were clearly triggered by the excessive overconsumption of water under the influence of drug-induced dehydration.
The average toxic dosage of water in a human being is roughly ten litres. However, water intoxication can be easily avoided by simply being aware of it and taking care to sip at water while avoiding the consumption of unnecessarily large amounts.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea or diarrhoea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin colour, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. In the context of psychoactive substance usage, certain compounds have been known to induce diarrhea or can at least increase the likelihood of it occurring.[16][17][18] This is not as dangerous as the same condition when it occurs through infection as it only remains until the person is no longer under the influence of the drug.
Diarrhea is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as nausea and dehydration. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of certain psychedelic compounds, such as ayahuasca, mescaline, and psilocybin mushrooms. However, it can also occur under the influence of certain stimulants, modafinil, and caffeine.
Difficulty urinating
Difficulty urinating also known as urinary retention, can be described as the experience of a decreased ability to pass urine. This can be due to painful burning sensations within the urethra or a due to a loss of bladder control which prevents or inhibits one from urinating even with a full bladder.
Difficulty urinating is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation and constipation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulant and opioid compounds, such as heroin, fentanyl, kratom, amphetamine, MDMA (Death of Leah Betts), and 4-FA. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulating psychedelics and deliriants.
Dizziness
Dizziness can be described as the perception of a spinning or swaying motion which typically causes a difficulty in standing or walking. It is commonly associated with a loss of balance and feelings of lightheadedness.
Within the medical literature, this effect is considered to be capable of manifesting itself across the 3 variations described below:
- Objective - The first is known as objective and refers to when the person has the sensation that objects in the environment are moving.
- Subjective - The second is known as subjective and refers to when the person feels as if they are moving.
- Psuedovertigo - The third is known as pseudovertigo and refers to an intensive sensation of rotation inside the person's head.
Dizziness is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as nausea and motor control loss. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of GABAergic depressant compounds, such as benzodiazepines, alcohol, and GHB. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of heavy dosages of psychedelics, dissociatives, and cannabinoids.
Frequent urination
Frequent urination, or urinary frequency, can be defined as the need to urinate more often than usual. It is often, though not necessarily, associated with urinary incontinence and large total volumes of urine. However, in other cases, urinary frequency involves only normal volumes of urine overall.
Frequent urination is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as dehydration and dry mouth in a manner which further amplifies the needs to urinate through excessive consumption of water. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as stimulants, psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants.
Headaches
A headache can be described as a pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions. This occurs in migraines (sharp, or throbbing pains), tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches.[19]
It is worth noting that due to its lacks of pain receptors, headaches are not caused by pain within the brain tissue itself, instead, headaches are caused by disturbances of the pain-sensitive structures around the brain.
Headaches are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating compounds, such as traditional stimulants, certain psychedelics, and certain dissociatives. This holds particularly true during the offset of the experience and if the person is dehydrated or has not eaten enough food.
Increased heart rate
Increased heart rate or tachycardia is described as a heart rate that is faster than the normal heart rate at rest. The average healthy human heart normally beats 60 to 100 times a minute when a person is at rest. When the heart rate fluctuates to higher levels over 100 BPM, it is described as tachycardia or an abnormally high heart rate.
It is worth noting that increased heart rate can often be a result of psychological symptoms as a natural adrenal response to anxiety, paranoia, shock, and fear.
Increased heart rate is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating compounds, such as traditional stimulants, certain psychedelics, and certain dissociatives. This is thought to occur as a direct result of dopaminergic or adrenergic modulation.[20][21] However, it can also occur under the influence of deliriants due to the way in which they inhibit acetylcholine, one of the main modulaters of heart rate in the peripheral nervous system.[22][23]
Increased perspiration
Increased perspiration, or hyperhidrosis, can be described as a condition characterized by increased sweat which is in excess of that required for the regulation of body temperature.
Increased perspiration is a hallmark symptom of sympathetic arousal (the "fight-or-flight" response) and is a common effect of stimulant drugs. Any psychoactive drug which exerts considerable serotonergic, dopaminergic, or adrenergic effects may cause increased perspiration. It is also a common symptom of benzodiazepine and alcohol withdrawal. Cholinergics and, to a lesser extent, opioids have been additionally implicated in causing this as well.[citation needed]
Increased blood pressure
Increased blood pressure can be described as a condition in which the pressure in the systemic arteries is elevated to abnormal levels. A blood pressure of 120/80 is considered normal for an adult. A blood pressure of 90/60 or lower is considered hypotension and a blood pressure between 120/80 and 90/60 is considered prehypotension.[24] Conversely a blood pressure greater than 120/80 and less than 139/89 is considered prehypertension.
Within the medical literature, a situation in which a person's blood pressure is very high (e.g., >180/>110 mmHg) with minimal or no symptoms, and no signs or symptoms indicating acute organ damage is referred to as a "hypertensive urgency".[25] In contrast, a situation where severe blood pressure is accompanied by evidence of progressive organ or system damage is referred to as a "hypertensive emergency".
Increased blood pressure is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of vasoconstricting compounds, such as traditional stimulants and stimulating psychedelics.
Itchiness
Itchiness is the sensation that causes a person the desire or reflex to scratch at their skin. At lower levels, itchiness can occur as a subtle and minor annoyance which is easy to ignore. However, at higher levels, itchiness can become so intense that it can be incredibly uncomfortable and can even result in the person damaging their skin through repetitive scratching motions.
Itchiness is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of opioid compounds, such as heroin, fentanyl, tramadol, and kratom. This is due to the way in which opioids activate histamine receptors and trigger histamine release. An effective technique for counteracting itchiness in cases of substance use is to take an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine (DPH, Benadryl).
Muscle cramps
A muscle cramp can be described as an involuntary temporary contraction or over shortening of muscles which may cause severe aches and pains. The onset of these muscle cramps is usually sudden while the cramp typically resolves itself spontaneously within a few seconds or minutes.
Muscle cramps are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as muscle twitching and stimulation. They are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, 2C-E, DOC, and AMT. However, they can also occur under the influence of certain GABAergic depressants such as GHB and phenibut.
Muscle cramps may be avoided with supplements including: Magnesium (preferably glycinate), and/or vitamin B complex.[citation needed]
Muscle spasms
Muscle twitching can be described as the sensation of small and localised tremblings of muscle groups. These vibrations are often powerful enough to be visibly seen through the skin. The sensations they induce can be uncomfortable in certain contexts but are usually neutral to experience.
Muscle twitching is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulating psychedelic compounds such as LSD, 2C-E, DOC, and AMT. However, it can also occur under the influence of traditional stimulants.
Nausea
Nausea can be described as a sensation of unease and discomfort in the upper stomach combined with an involuntary urge to vomit.[26][27][28] It often, but not always, precedes vomiting. This effect usually occurs at the onset of the experience and dissipates as the peak takes its toll.
In the context of substance usage, nausea and vomiting can occur as a result of stomach irritation through the consumption of materials which it is not used to digesting. These materials can include things such as chemical powders or plant matter. Alternatively, nausea may occur as a direct pharmacological result of how the particular substance affects the brain. If this is the case, the nausea is therefore inseparable from the experience itself and will likely occur to varying extents regardless of the route of administration.
Nausea is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stomach bloating, stomach cramps, and dizziness. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as psychedelics, opioids, GABAergics, deliriants, dissociatives, and stimulants.
Vomiting
Vomiting, also known as purging, puking and throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. This effect typically occurs during the peak of a substance's effects. It can often greatly relieve the person's physical side effects once it is over. For example, under the influence of many hallucinogenic compounds, it is common for a person to feel that their trip has become significantly more enjoyable after the act of vomiting due to their uncomfortable stomach symptoms suddenly subsiding as a result.
It is worth noting that a person should not brush their teeth immediately after vomiting. This is because the corrosiveness of stomach acid combined with the abrasiveness of brushing can cause permanent damage to a person's teeth when repeated over time. Instead, a person should wash their mouth out with water, mouthwash, a water flosser, or a mixture of baking soda and water (to neutralise the acidity).
Physical fatigue
Physical fatigue can be described as a general feeling of bodily exhaustion. The intensity and duration of this effect typically depends on the substance consumed and its dosage. It can also be further exacerbated by various factors such as a lack of sleep or food. These feelings of exhaustion involve a wide variety of symptoms which generally include some or all of the following effects:
People who are fatigued may find it difficult to complete physical actions and may not be capable of getting out of bed or performing everyday household tasks. It can generally be treated with a period of rest or sleep.
Physical fatigue is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as cognitive fatigue. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of antipsychotic compounds, such as quetiapine, haloperidol, and risperidone. However, it can also occur during the withdrawal symptoms of many depressants, and during the offset of many stimulants.
Photophobia
Photophobia can be described as an abnormal physical intolerance to the visual perception of light. As a medical symptom, photophobia is not a morbid fear or psychological phobia, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure.
Photophobia is almost always accompanied by other coinciding effects such as pupil dilation which may trigger this effect by disabling the eye's ability to adjust itself accordingly depending on current levels of light exposure. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of certain stimulants.
Restless leg syndrome
Restless legs (also known as restless legs syndrome or RLS) is a medically defined as an irresistible urge to move one's body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations.[29] It most commonly affects the legs but can also affect the arms, torso, and head. During this state, moving the affected body part reduces the uncomfortable sensations, providing temporary relief.
RLS sensations can range from pain, an aching in the muscles, "an itch you can't scratch", an unpleasant "tickle that won't stop", or even a crawling feeling. The sensations typically begin or intensify during quiet wakefulness, such as when relaxing, reading, studying, or trying to sleep.
Restless legs syndrome is most commonly induced during the withdrawal symptoms of many depressants, such as opioids or benzodiazepines, and during the offset of many stimulants, such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and MDMA. However, it can also occur under the influence of deliriants such as DPH and datura.
Salivation
Increased salivation can be described as the production and excretion of excess saliva within the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva. This can contribute to drooling if there is an inability to keep the mouth closed or difficulty in swallowing the excess saliva, which can lead to excessive spitting.
Increased salivation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as excessive yawning, watery eyes, runny nose, and increased phlegm production. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of psychedelic tryptamine compounds, such as psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and 4-HO-MET.
Seizure
An epileptic seizure (colloquially a fit) can be described as a brief episode of signs and/or symptoms which are due to abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.[30] The outward effect can vary from uncontrolled jerking movement (tonic-clonic seizure) to as subtle as a momentary loss of awareness (absence seizure).
The following list contains a more comprehensive set of symptoms:
- Losing consciousness and then exhibiting confusion afterwards.
- Having uncontrollable muscle spasms which often result in falling.
- Drooling or frothing at the mouth.
- Jaw clenching and tongue biting.
- Having sudden, rapid eye movements.
- Making unusual noises, such as grunting.
- Losing control of bladder or bowel function.
The disease of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures is known as epilepsy,[30][31] but seizures can also occur in people who do not have epilepsy. Depending on the cause, epilepsy is generally treated with anticonvulsant drugs such as diazepam and pregabalin.
Seizures are most commonly induced under the influence of withdrawals from prolonged chronic benzodiazepine or alcohol usage. However they can also occur under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulants, certain opioids, synthetic cannabinoids, and the 25x-NBOMe series of psychedelics.
Stomach cramps
A stomach cramp can be described as an intense feeling of sudden pain or discomfort which occurs within the stomach.
In the context of substance usage, stomach cramps can occur as a result of stomach irritation through the consumption of materials which it is not used to digesting. These materials can include things such as chemical powders or plant matter. Alternatively, cramps may occur as a direct pharmacological result of how the particular substance affects the brain. If this is the case, the stomach cramps are therefore inseparable from the experience itself and will likely occur to varying extents regardless of the route of administration.
Stomach cramps are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stomach bloating, nausea, and vomiting. They are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as psychedelics, opioids, GABAergics, and deliriants.
Stomach bloating
Stomach bloating can be described as an uncomfortable physical side effect which results in one's stomach becoming temporarily bloated and expanded in a manner which looks somewhat similar to pregnancy. This effect can be moderately uncomfortable but is not painful or dangerous. Its overall duration can last anywhere from a couple of hours to a couple of days and can be reduced by drinking plenty of water.
In the context of substance usage, stomach bloating can occur as a result of stomach irritation through the consumption of materials which it is not used to digesting. These materials can include things such as chemical powders or plant matter. Alternatively, stomach bloating may occur as a direct pharmacological result of how the particular substance affects the large amount of serotonin receptors present within the intestinal wall.
Stomach bloating is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as nausea and vomiting. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulants, opioids, and depressants.
Temporary erectile dysfunction
Temporary erectile dysfunction can be described as a difficulty in achieving and maintaining an adequately erect penis for the purpose of sexual intercourse. This effect occurs under the influence of certain substances in various degrees of intensity.
Temporary erectile disfunction is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation, difficulty urinating, and temperature regulation suppression in a manner which further amplifies the problem. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating compounds, such as traditional stimulants and certain psychedelics. However, it can also occur under the influence of opioids, dissociatives, GABAergics, and deliriants.
Temperature regulation suppression
Temperature regulation suppression can be defined as an inability to maintain a normal temperature. This results in feelings of constantly fluctuating between being uncomfortably cold[32] and uncomfortably hot. At points, this can even result in the sensation of being uncomfortably warm and cold simultaneously.
Temperature regulation suppresion is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation and increased perspiration. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, 2C-B, and AMT. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulants such as MDMA and methamphetamine.
Teeth grinding
Teeth grinding (also known as bruxism, jaw clenching, and gurning) can be described as a compulsive and often uncontrollable urge to grind one's teeth. In extreme cases, this can result in painful damage to one's tongue, teeth and inner cheek.
The most effective methods for quickly alleviating uncomfortable teeth grinding include using chewing gum or a baby's pacifier (also called a dummy) to occupy one's jaws without causing damage. Magnesium, preferably magnesium glycinate, is also very effective at alleviating bruxism when it is taken at a dosage of 200mg once 6 hours before and again at 1-3 hours before ingesting a stimulant such as MDMA or amphetamine.[33]
Teeth grinding is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation and wakefulness. It is most commonly induced under the influence of common dosages of stimulant compounds, such as methamphetamine, MDMA, methylphenidate, and cocaine. However, it can also occur under the influence of certain stimulating psychedelics such as 2C-E, DOC, and AMT.
Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction can be described as a narrowing of the veins and blood vessels which results from a contraction of their muscular wall. It is particularly prevalent in the large arteries and small arterioles.
This effect typically results in feelings of tightness, achiness, and numbness within a person's arms and legs. It can range from mild in its effects to extremely uncomfortable.
Vasoconstriction is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulating psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, 2C-E, and DOC. However, it can also occur under the influence of traditional stimulants such as methamphetamine, caffeine, and MDMA.
References
- ↑ Arrhythmias - What Is an Arrhythmia?, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, retrieved 4 June 2022
- ↑ Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I., Hoffman, R. S. (January 2009). "Management of cocaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias due to cardiac ion channel dysfunction". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1080/15563650802339373. ISSN 1556-3650.
- ↑ O’Leary, M. E., Hancox, J. C. (28 January 2010). "Role of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the development of cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias: Voltage-gated ion channels and cocaine-induced arrhythmia". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 69 (5): 427–442. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x. ISSN 0306-5251.
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- ↑ Shyu, K., Wang, B., Yang, Y., Tsai, S., Lin, S., Lee, C. (1 July 2004). "Amphetamine activates connexin43 gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes through JNK and AP-1 pathway". Cardiovascular Research. 63 (1): 98–108. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.02.018. ISSN 0008-6363.
- ↑ Bazmi, E., Mousavi, F., Giahchin, L., Mokhtari, T., Behnoush, B. (30 March 2017). "Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Amphetamine Abuse: Cross-sectional study". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 17 (1): e31–37. doi:10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.007. ISSN 2075-051X.
- ↑ Jacobs, W. (June 2006). "Fatal Amphetamine-Associated Cardiotoxicity and Its Medicolegal Implications:". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 27 (2): 156–160. doi:10.1097/01.paf.0000188082.68009.10. ISSN 0195-7910.
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- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Frishman, W. H., Del Vecchio, A., Sanal, S., Ismail, A. (July 2003). "Cardiovascular Manifestations of Substance Abuse: Part 2: Alcohol, Amphetamines, Heroin, Cannabis, and Caffeine". Heart Disease. 5 (4): 253–271. doi:10.1097/01.hdx.0000080713.09303.a6. ISSN 1521-737X.
- ↑ Behzadi, M., Joukar, S., Beik, A. (2018). "Opioids and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Literature Review". Medical Principles and Practice. 27 (5): 401–414. doi:10.1159/000492616. ISSN 1011-7571.
- ↑ Doshi, R., Shah, J., Desai, R., Gullapalli, N. (July 2019). "Burden of arrhythmia in hospitalizations with opioid overdose". International Journal of Cardiology. 286: 73–75. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.047. ISSN 0167-5273.
- ↑ Tanaka, E., Kamata, T., Katagi, M., Tsuchihashi, H., Honda, K. (November 2006). "A fatal poisoning with 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, Foxy". Forensic Science International. 163 (1–2): 152–154. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.026. ISSN 0379-0738.
- ↑ Shulgin, A. T., Carter, M. F. (1980). "N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity". Communications in Psychopharmacology. 4 (5): 363–369. ISSN 0145-5699.
- ↑ Muller, A. A. (October 2004). "New Drugs of Abuse Update: Foxy Methoxy". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 30 (5): 507–508. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.037. ISSN 0099-1767.
- ↑ Headache disorders - WHO, retrieved 4 June 2022
- ↑ Billman, G. E. (May 1990). "Mechanisms responsible for the cardiotoxic effects of cocaine". The FASEB Journal. 4 (8): 2469–2475. doi:10.1096/fasebj.4.8.2185973. ISSN 0892-6638.
- ↑ Ferreira, M. T., Ferreira, R., Carvalho, F., Duarte, J. A. (1 November 2006). "Effect of physical exercise on markers of acute cardiotoxicity induced by d-amphetamine in an animal model". Revista portuguesa de cardiologia. 25 (11): 983–996. ISSN 2174-2030.
- ↑ Triposkiadis, F., Karayannis, G., Giamouzis, G., Skoularigis, J., Louridas, G., Butler, J. (November 2009). "The Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 54 (19): 1747–1762. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015. ISSN 0735-1097.
- ↑ Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Berger, A. C., Cohen, R. J. (10 July 1981). "Power Spectrum Analysis of Heart Rate Fluctuation: A Quantitative Probe of Beat-to-Beat Cardiovascular Control". Science. 213 (4504): 220–222. doi:10.1126/science.6166045. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ↑ Low Blood Pressure - NHLBI, NIH, retrieved 4 June 2022
- ↑ Pak, K. J., Hu, T., Fee, C., Wang, R., Smith, M., Bazzano, L. A. (2014). "Acute hypertension: a systematic review and appraisal of guidelines". The Ochsner Journal. 14 (4): 655–663. ISSN 1524-5012.
- ↑ Tanaka, E., Kamata, T., Katagi, M., Tsuchihashi, H., Honda, K. (November 2006). "A fatal poisoning with 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, Foxy". Forensic Science International. 163 (1–2): 152–154. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.026. ISSN 0379-0738.
- ↑ Shulgin, A. T., Carter, M. F. (1980). "N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity". Communications in Psychopharmacology. 4 (5): 363–369. ISSN 0145-5699.
- ↑ Muller, A. A. (October 2004). "New Drugs of Abuse Update: Foxy Methoxy". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 30 (5): 507–508. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.037. ISSN 0099-1767.
- ↑ "Restless legs syndrome". International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Fisher, R. S., Emde Boas, W. van, Blume, W., Elger, C., Genton, P., Lee, P., Engel, J. (April 2005). "Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)". Epilepsia. 46 (4): 470–472. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x. ISSN 0013-9580.
- ↑ Fisher, R. S., Acevedo, C., Arzimanoglou, A., Bogacz, A., Cross, J. H., Elger, C. E., Engel, J., Forsgren, L., French, J. A., Glynn, M., Hesdorffer, D. C., Lee, B. I., Mathern, G. W., Moshé, S. L., Perucca, E., Scheffer, I. E., Tomson, T., Watanabe, M., Wiebe, S. (April 2014). "ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy". Epilepsia. 55 (4): 475–482. doi:10.1111/epi.12550. ISSN 1528-1167.
- ↑ Walsh, S., Strain, E., Abreu, M., Bigelow, G. (1 September 2001). "Enadoline, a selective kappa opioid agonist: comparison with butorphanol and hydromorphone in humans". Psychopharmacology. 157 (2): 151–162. doi:10.1007/s002130100788. ISSN 0033-3158.
- ↑ Rollsafe - Safety and Supplements for MDMA/Ecstasy/X | http://www.rollsafe.org/