Harmala alkaloid: Difference between revisions

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}}

~~==Toxicity and harm potential==~~

~~===Drug interactions===~~

While safer than general [[MAOIs]], RIMAs still have highly dangerous and sometimes fatal interactions with many common drugs.<ref>Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_inhibitor_of_monoamine_oxidase_A (accessed November 22, 2016).</ref> In particular, they can cause [[serotonin syndrome]] or hypertensive crisis when combined with almost any [[antidepressant]], [[stimulant]], common migraine medication, certain herbs, most cold medicine (including decongestants, [[antihistamines]], and cough syrup), nicotine, caffeine, etc. Sedatives are likely easier tolerated, but potentiation should be expected.

~~===Lethal dosage===~~

~~When intravenously injected into mice, the LD<sub>50</sub> of harmine is 38mg/kg. There is no data for the other harmala alkaloids in humans or animals.~~

~~It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.~~

~~===Tolerance and addiction potential===~~

~~There is no tolerance built up with harmala alkaloid use. There are no real reports of addiction to harmala alkaloids.~~

==Natural sources==

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*'''Tetrahydroharmine:''' 0.05-2.94%

===Peganum harmala (~~syrian~~ rue)===

===Peganum harmala (Syrian rue)===

[[File:syrianrueseeds.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Syrian rue seeds'']]

[[Peganum harmala]], commonly called esfand (native name), syrian rue, is a plant native to the eastern Iranian region west to India. It has also spread invasively throughout Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas and Washington. The plant itself produces seeds which contain harmala alkaloids and is easily accessible and legal to purchase online through the use of google. Powdered syrian rue seeds act as a reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA) at doses of 2 - 5g.

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The brewing environment can be enhanced by acidifying the water, using stronger solvents, and increasing the temperature. Using more water will also increase the concentration gradient, allowing more alkaloids to dissolve.

==Legal ~~issues~~==

==Toxicity and harm potential==

===Drug interactions===

While safer than general [[MAOIs]], RIMAs still have highly dangerous and sometimes fatal interactions with many common drugs.<ref>Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_inhibitor_of_monoamine_oxidase_A (accessed November 22, 2016).</ref> In particular, they can cause [[serotonin syndrome]] or hypertensive crisis when combined with almost any [[antidepressant]], [[stimulant]], common migraine medication, certain herbs, most cold medicine (including decongestants, [[antihistamines]], and cough syrup), nicotine, caffeine, etc. Sedatives are likely easier tolerated, but potentiation should be expected.

===Lethal dosage===

When intravenously injected into mice, the LD<sub>50</sub> of harmine is 38mg/kg. There is no data for the other harmala alkaloids in humans or animals.

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===

There is no tolerance built up with harmala alkaloid use. There are no real reports of addiction to harmala alkaloids.

==Legal status==

Harmala alkaloids and their natural sources are legal in most parts of the world.

*'''Australia:''' Harmala alkaloids are Schedule IX drugs.

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*[[Phenethylamines]]

*[[Lysergamides]]

==External links==

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmala_alkaloid Harmala alkaloids (Wikipedia)]

*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/harmala/harmala.shtml Harmala Alkaloids (Erowid)]

==Literature==

* Morales-García, J. A., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Alonso-Gil, S., Rodríguez-Franco, M. I., Feilding, A., Perez-Castillo, A., & Riba, J. (2017). The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 5309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9

==References==

@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 }}
-==Toxicity and harm potential==
-===Drug interactions===
-While safer than general [[MAOIs]], RIMAs still have highly dangerous and sometimes fatal interactions with many common drugs.<ref>Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_inhibitor_of_monoamine_oxidase_A (accessed November 22, 2016).</ref> In particular, they can cause [[serotonin syndrome]] or hypertensive crisis when combined with almost any [[antidepressant]], [[stimulant]], common migraine medication, certain herbs, most cold medicine (including decongestants, [[antihistamines]], and cough syrup), nicotine, caffeine, etc. Sedatives are likely easier tolerated, but potentiation should be expected.
-===Lethal dosage===
-When intravenously injected into mice, the LD<sub>50</sub> of harmine is 38mg/kg. There is no data for the other harmala alkaloids in humans or animals.
-It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
-===Tolerance and addiction potential===
-There is no tolerance built up with harmala alkaloid use. There are no real reports of addiction to harmala alkaloids.
 ==Natural sources==
@@ Line 96: / Line 85: @@
 *'''Tetrahydroharmine:''' 0.05-2.94%
-===Peganum harmala (syrian rue)===
+===Peganum harmala (Syrian rue)===
 [[File:syrianrueseeds.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Syrian rue seeds'']]
 [[Peganum harmala]], commonly called esfand (native name), syrian rue, is a plant native to the eastern Iranian region west to India. It has also spread invasively throughout Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas and Washington. The plant itself produces seeds which contain harmala alkaloids and is easily accessible  and legal to purchase online through the use of google. Powdered syrian rue seeds act as a reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA) at doses of 2 - 5g.
@@ Line 114: / Line 103: @@
 The brewing environment can be enhanced by acidifying the water, using stronger solvents, and increasing the temperature. Using more water will also increase the concentration gradient, allowing more alkaloids to dissolve.
-==Legal issues==
+==Toxicity and harm potential==
+===Drug interactions===
+While safer than general [[MAOIs]], RIMAs still have highly dangerous and sometimes fatal interactions with many common drugs.<ref>Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_inhibitor_of_monoamine_oxidase_A (accessed November 22, 2016).</ref> In particular, they can cause [[serotonin syndrome]] or hypertensive crisis when combined with almost any [[antidepressant]], [[stimulant]], common migraine medication, certain herbs, most cold medicine (including decongestants, [[antihistamines]], and cough syrup), nicotine, caffeine, etc. Sedatives are likely easier tolerated, but potentiation should be expected.
+===Lethal dosage===
+When intravenously injected into mice, the LD<sub>50</sub> of harmine is 38mg/kg. There is no data for the other harmala alkaloids in humans or animals.
+It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
+===Tolerance and addiction potential===
+There is no tolerance built up with harmala alkaloid use. There are no real reports of addiction to harmala alkaloids.
+==Legal status==
 Harmala alkaloids and their natural sources are legal in most parts of the world.
 *'''Australia:''' Harmala alkaloids are Schedule IX drugs.
@@ Line 127: / Line 127: @@
 *[[Phenethylamines]]
 *[[Lysergamides]]
 ==External links==
 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmala_alkaloid Harmala alkaloids (Wikipedia)]
 *[https://erowid.org/chemicals/harmala/harmala.shtml Harmala Alkaloids (Erowid)]
+==Literature==
+* Morales-García, J. A., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Alonso-Gil, S., Rodríguez-Franco, M. I., Feilding, A., Perez-Castillo, A., & Riba, J. (2017). The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 5309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9
 ==References==