Talk:Opium: Difference between revisions

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==Entheogen==

From the earliest finds, opium appears to have had ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power.<ref name="Brownstein">{{cite journal|author=M J Brownstein|title=A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=June 15, 1993|volume=90|issue=12|pages=5391–5393 |pmc=46725 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391|pmid=8390660}}</ref> In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth, and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache.<ref name="Schiff">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021327/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 21, 2007 |title=Opium and its alkaloids |author=Paul L. Schiff, Jr. |year=2002 |accessdate=May 8, 2007 |work=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education }}</ref> A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, ~~{{circa|1300}}~~ BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus.<ref name="Kritikos">{{cite journal|url=http://www.opiumpoppies.org/2001/07/13/the-early-history-of-the-poppy-and-opium/|title=The early history of the poppy and opium|author1=P. G. Kritikos |author2=S. P. Papadaki |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens|date=January 1, 1967|accessdate=May 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|language=Spanish|author=E. Guerra Doce|title=Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria|journal=Trastornos Adictivos|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|date=January 1, 2006|url=http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.fulltext?pident=13087278|accessdate=May 10, 2007|doi=10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6}} ''(includes image)''</ref> The Greek gods [[Hypnos]] (Sleep), [[Nyx]] (Night), and [[Thanatos]] (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of [[Apollo]], [[Asklepios]], ~~[[Pluto (mythology)|~~Pluto]], [[Demeter]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Kybele]] and [[Isis]], symbolizing nocturnal oblivion.<ref name="Schiff" />. The opium poppy was a magical ritual plant among the Germanic tribes.<ref>http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=259{{full citation needed|date=August 2016}}</ref>

From the earliest finds, opium appears to have had ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power.<ref name="Brownstein">{{cite journal|author=M J Brownstein|title=A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=June 15, 1993|volume=90|issue=12|pages=5391–5393 |pmc=46725 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391|pmid=8390660}}</ref> In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth, and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache.<ref name="Schiff">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021327/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 21, 2007 |title=Opium and its alkaloids |author=Paul L. Schiff, Jr. |year=2002 |accessdate=May 8, 2007 |work=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education }}</ref> A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus.<ref name="Kritikos">{{cite journal|url=http://www.opiumpoppies.org/2001/07/13/the-early-history-of-the-poppy-and-opium/|title=The early history of the poppy and opium|author1=P. G. Kritikos |author2=S. P. Papadaki |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens|date=January 1, 1967|accessdate=May 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|language=Spanish|author=E. Guerra Doce|title=Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria|journal=Trastornos Adictivos|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|date=January 1, 2006|url=http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.fulltext?pident=13087278|accessdate=May 10, 2007|doi=10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6}} ''(includes image)''</ref> The Greek gods Hypnos (Sleep), Nyx (Night), and Thanatos (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of Apollo, Asklepios, Pluto, Demeter, Aphrodite, Kybele and Isis, symbolizing nocturnal oblivion.<ref name="Schiff" />. The opium poppy was a magical ritual plant among the Germanic tribes.<ref>http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=259{{full citation needed|date=August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==

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 ==Entheogen==
-From the earliest finds, opium appears to have had ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power.<ref name="Brownstein">{{cite journal|author=M J Brownstein|title=A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=June 15, 1993|volume=90|issue=12|pages=5391–5393 |pmc=46725 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391|pmid=8390660}}</ref> In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth, and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache.<ref name="Schiff">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021327/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 21, 2007 |title=Opium and its alkaloids |author=Paul L. Schiff, Jr. |year=2002 |accessdate=May 8, 2007 |work=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education }}</ref> A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, {{circa|1300}} BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus.<ref name="Kritikos">{{cite journal|url=http://www.opiumpoppies.org/2001/07/13/the-early-history-of-the-poppy-and-opium/|title=The early history of the poppy and opium|author1=P. G. Kritikos |author2=S. P. Papadaki |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens|date=January 1, 1967|accessdate=May 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|language=Spanish|author=E. Guerra Doce|title=Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria|journal=Trastornos Adictivos|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|date=January 1, 2006|url=http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.fulltext?pident=13087278|accessdate=May 10, 2007|doi=10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6}} ''(includes image)''</ref> The Greek gods [[Hypnos]] (Sleep), [[Nyx]] (Night), and [[Thanatos]] (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of [[Apollo]], [[Asklepios]], [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]], [[Demeter]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Kybele]] and [[Isis]], symbolizing nocturnal oblivion.<ref name="Schiff" />. The opium poppy was a magical ritual plant among the Germanic tribes.<ref>http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=259{{full citation needed|date=August 2016}}</ref>
+From the earliest finds, opium appears to have had ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power.<ref name="Brownstein">{{cite journal|author=M J Brownstein|title=A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=June 15, 1993|volume=90|issue=12|pages=5391–5393 |pmc=46725 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391|pmid=8390660}}</ref> In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth, and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache.<ref name="Schiff">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021327/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 21, 2007 |title=Opium and its alkaloids |author=Paul L. Schiff, Jr. |year=2002 |accessdate=May 8, 2007 |work=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education }}</ref> A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus.<ref name="Kritikos">{{cite journal|url=http://www.opiumpoppies.org/2001/07/13/the-early-history-of-the-poppy-and-opium/|title=The early history of the poppy and opium|author1=P. G. Kritikos |author2=S. P. Papadaki |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens|date=January 1, 1967|accessdate=May 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|language=Spanish|author=E. Guerra Doce|title=Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria|journal=Trastornos Adictivos|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|date=January 1, 2006|url=http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.fulltext?pident=13087278|accessdate=May 10, 2007|doi=10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6}} ''(includes image)''</ref> The Greek gods Hypnos (Sleep), Nyx (Night), and Thanatos (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of Apollo, Asklepios, Pluto, Demeter, Aphrodite, Kybele and Isis, symbolizing nocturnal oblivion.<ref name="Schiff" />. The opium poppy was a magical ritual plant among the Germanic tribes.<ref>http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=259{{full citation needed|date=August 2016}}</ref>
 ==See also==