Talk:Extrapyramidal symptoms: Difference between revisions

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===Acute dystonia===

Acute dystonia is a painful and often severe type of extrapyramidal symptoms that occurs shortly (within less than a day) after the administration of an [[dopamine|antidopaminergic]] agent.

Acute dystonia is a painful and often severe type of extrapyramidal symptoms that occurs shortly (within less than a day){{citation needed}} after the administration of an [[dopamine|antidopaminergic]] agent.

[[Muscle spasms|Continuous muscle contractions]] can occur in the head, neck, and limbs and may cause a stiff tongue, arched back, or twisted neck. Another sign is that the patient/victim finds it difficult to talk. This may also include a grimaced or twisted expression of the face. Spasms of the voicebox, limbs, and back sometimes occur. Treatment of acute dystonia is often an anticholinergic agent and/or a benzodiazepine.

[[Muscle spasms|Continuous muscle contractions]] can occur in the head, neck, and limbs and may cause a stiff tongue, arched back, or twisted neck. Another sign is that the patient/victim finds it difficult to talk. This may also include a grimaced or twisted expression of the face. Spasms of the voicebox, limbs, and back sometimes occur.

Treatment of acute dystonia is often an anticholinergic agent and/or a benzodiazepine.{{citation needed}}

===Akathisia===

Akathisia is characterized by restlessness, a need to move, constant sitting down and standing up, pacing, etc. Treatments for akathisia are anticholinergics, beta blockers, or [[benzodiazepines]]. Akathisia typically develops some time during a medication regimen.

Akathisia is characterized by restlessness, a need to move, constant sitting down and standing up, pacing, etc. Treatments for akathisia are anticholinergics, beta blockers, or [[benzodiazepines]]. Akathisia typically develops some time during a medication regimen{{citation needed}}

===Psuedoparkinsonism===

Psuedoparkinsonism occurs often further than akathisia. It is often noticed by seeing:

Psuedoparkinsonism occurs often further than akathisia.{{citation needed}} It is often noticed by seeing:

*tremoring hands in a "pill-rolling" pose,

*a stooped posture,

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and others. Others also include that when the person turns, they must do so very slowly and sometimes cannot change positions, such as standing to sitting, without a support.

===Tardive dyskinesia===

This disorder develops over long periods of time and is noticed by these signs: involuntary chewing, lip smacking or sucking, twitching, and/or involuntary movements of the limbs that are often jerky. It is treated by putting the patient on a dopaminergic medication regimen, such as using valbenzaine, tetrabenazine, ropinirole, or pramipexole.

This disorder develops over long periods of time{{citation needed}} and is noticed by these signs: involuntary chewing, lip smacking or sucking, twitching, and/or involuntary movements of the limbs that are often jerky. It is treated by putting the patient on a dopaminergic medication regimen, such as using valbenzaine, tetrabenazine, ropinirole, or pramipexole.

==Causes==

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Commonly used medications for EPS are [[acetylcholine|anticholinergic]] agents such as benztropine (Cogentin), biperiden (Akineton), [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl), and trihexyphenidyl (Artane). Another common course of treatment includes [[dopamine]] [[agonist]] agents, such as pramipexole and ropinirole. These medications reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by [[antipsychotics]] or other drugs that either directly or indirectly inhibit [[Dopamine|dopaminergic]] neurotransmission.

==Literature==

==External links==

==See also==

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ===Acute dystonia===
-Acute dystonia is a painful and often severe type of extrapyramidal symptoms that occurs shortly (within less than a day) after the administration of an [[dopamine|antidopaminergic]] agent.
+Acute dystonia is a painful and often severe type of extrapyramidal symptoms that occurs shortly (within less than a day){{citation needed}} after the administration of an [[dopamine|antidopaminergic]] agent.
-[[Muscle spasms|Continuous muscle contractions]] can occur in the head, neck, and limbs and may cause a stiff tongue, arched back, or twisted neck. Another sign is that the patient/victim finds it difficult to talk. This may also include a grimaced or twisted expression of the face. Spasms of the voicebox, limbs, and back sometimes occur. Treatment of acute dystonia is often an anticholinergic agent and/or a benzodiazepine.
+[[Muscle spasms|Continuous muscle contractions]] can occur in the head, neck, and limbs and may cause a stiff tongue, arched back, or twisted neck. Another sign is that the patient/victim finds it difficult to talk. This may also include a grimaced or twisted expression of the face. Spasms of the voicebox, limbs, and back sometimes occur.
+Treatment of acute dystonia is often an anticholinergic agent and/or a benzodiazepine.{{citation needed}}
 ===Akathisia===
-Akathisia is characterized by restlessness, a need to move, constant sitting down and standing up, pacing, etc. Treatments for akathisia are anticholinergics, beta blockers, or [[benzodiazepines]]. Akathisia typically develops some time during a medication regimen.
+Akathisia is characterized by restlessness, a need to move, constant sitting down and standing up, pacing, etc. Treatments for akathisia are anticholinergics, beta blockers, or [[benzodiazepines]]. Akathisia typically develops some time during a medication regimen{{citation needed}}
 ===Psuedoparkinsonism===
-Psuedoparkinsonism occurs often further than akathisia. It is often noticed by seeing:
+Psuedoparkinsonism occurs often further than akathisia.{{citation needed}} It is often noticed by seeing:
 *tremoring hands in a "pill-rolling" pose,
 *a stooped posture,
@@ Line 18: / Line 20: @@
 and others.  Others also include that when the person turns, they must do so very slowly and sometimes cannot change positions, such as standing to sitting, without a support.
 ===Tardive dyskinesia===
-This disorder develops over long periods of time and is noticed by these signs: involuntary chewing, lip smacking or sucking, twitching, and/or involuntary movements of the limbs that are often jerky. It is treated by putting the patient on a dopaminergic medication regimen, such as using valbenzaine, tetrabenazine, ropinirole, or pramipexole.
+This disorder develops over long periods of time{{citation needed}} and is noticed by these signs: involuntary chewing, lip smacking or sucking, twitching, and/or involuntary movements of the limbs that are often jerky. It is treated by putting the patient on a dopaminergic medication regimen, such as using valbenzaine, tetrabenazine, ropinirole, or pramipexole.
 ==Causes==
@@ Line 34: / Line 36: @@
 Commonly used medications for EPS are [[acetylcholine|anticholinergic]] agents such as benztropine (Cogentin), biperiden (Akineton), [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl), and trihexyphenidyl (Artane). Another common course of treatment includes [[dopamine]] [[agonist]] agents, such as pramipexole and ropinirole. These medications reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by [[antipsychotics]] or other drugs that either directly or indirectly inhibit [[Dopamine|dopaminergic]] neurotransmission.
+==Literature==
+==External links==
 ==See also==