Talk:Extrapyramidal symptoms: Difference between revisions

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and others. Others also include that when the person turns, they must do so very slowly and sometimes cannot change positions, such as standing to sitting, without a support.

===Tardive dyskinesia===

This disorder develops over long periods of time and is noticed by these signs: involuntary chewing, lip smacking or sucking, twitching, and/or involuntary movements of the limbs that are often jerky. It is treated by putting the a dopaminergic ~~agent~~ regimen, such as using valbenzaine, tetrabenazine, ropinirole, or pramipexole.

This disorder develops over long periods of time and is noticed by these signs: involuntary chewing, lip smacking or sucking, twitching, and/or involuntary movements of the limbs that are often jerky. It is treated by putting the patient on a dopaminergic medication regimen, such as using valbenzaine, tetrabenazine, ropinirole, or pramipexole.

==Causes==

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Other antidopaminergic drugs, like the [[Nausea suppression|antiemetic]] metoclopramide, can also result in extrapyramidal side effects.<ref>Moos, D. D., & Hansen, D. J. (2008). Metoclopramide and Extrapyramidal Symptoms: A Case Report. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 23(5), 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2008.07.006</ref>

Short and long-term use of antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([[SSRI]]), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), and norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) ~~have~~ also resulted in extrapyramidal symptoms. Specifically, duloxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, and bupropion have been linked to the induction of extrapyramidal symptoms.<ref>Madhusoodanan, S., Alexeenko, L., Sanders, R., & Brenner, R. (2010). Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antidepressants--a review of the literature and an analysis of spontaneous reports. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 22(3), 148–56. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20680187</ref>

Short and long-term use of antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([[SSRI]]), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), and norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) has also resulted in extrapyramidal symptoms. Specifically, duloxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, and bupropion have been linked to the induction of extrapyramidal symptoms.<ref>Madhusoodanan, S., Alexeenko, L., Sanders, R., & Brenner, R. (2010). Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antidepressants--a review of the literature and an analysis of spontaneous reports. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 22(3), 148–56. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20680187</ref>

==Treatment==

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 and others.  Others also include that when the person turns, they must do so very slowly and sometimes cannot change positions, such as standing to sitting, without a support.
 ===Tardive dyskinesia===
-This disorder develops over long periods of time and is noticed by these signs: involuntary chewing, lip smacking or sucking, twitching, and/or involuntary movements of the limbs that are often jerky. It is treated by putting the a dopaminergic agent regimen, such as using valbenzaine, tetrabenazine, ropinirole, or pramipexole.
+This disorder develops over long periods of time and is noticed by these signs: involuntary chewing, lip smacking or sucking, twitching, and/or involuntary movements of the limbs that are often jerky. It is treated by putting the patient on a dopaminergic medication regimen, such as using valbenzaine, tetrabenazine, ropinirole, or pramipexole.
 ==Causes==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 Other antidopaminergic drugs, like the [[Nausea suppression|antiemetic]] metoclopramide, can also result in extrapyramidal side effects.<ref>Moos, D. D., & Hansen, D. J. (2008). Metoclopramide and Extrapyramidal Symptoms: A Case Report. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 23(5), 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2008.07.006</ref>
-Short and long-term use of antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([[SSRI]]), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), and norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) have also resulted in extrapyramidal symptoms. Specifically, duloxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, and bupropion have been linked to the induction of extrapyramidal symptoms.<ref>Madhusoodanan, S., Alexeenko, L., Sanders, R., & Brenner, R. (2010). Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antidepressants--a review of the literature and an analysis of spontaneous reports. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 22(3), 148–56. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20680187</ref>
+Short and long-term use of antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([[SSRI]]), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), and norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) has also resulted in extrapyramidal symptoms. Specifically, duloxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, and bupropion have been linked to the induction of extrapyramidal symptoms.<ref>Madhusoodanan, S., Alexeenko, L., Sanders, R., & Brenner, R. (2010). Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antidepressants--a review of the literature and an analysis of spontaneous reports. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 22(3), 148–56. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20680187</ref>
 ==Treatment==