Prochlorperazine: Difference between revisions

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Prochlorperazine is a piperazine derivative of the phenothiazine class of organic compounds. Prochlorperazine contains a thiazine ring, a six-member ring which includes one nitrogen and one sulfur atom. The thiazine ring is fused to two benzene rings, creating a tricyclic phenothiazine. Prochlorperazine contains a chlorine atom bound to R2 of the phenothiazine group.

Additionally, there is a three carbon propyl chain bound at R10 to the nitrogen atom of the structure. The propyl chain is bound at its terminal carbon to a piperazine ring at R1. Piperazine is a six-membered saturated ring with two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 4. The piperazine ring of prochlorperazine is also substituted at R4 with a methyl group. Prochlorperazine is found in pills as a maleate. It is analogous to [[chlorpromazine]], another ~~anti-psychotic~~ phenothiazine.

Additionally, there is a three carbon propyl chain bound at R10 to the nitrogen atom of the structure. The propyl chain is bound at its terminal carbon to a piperazine ring at R1. Piperazine is a six-membered saturated ring with two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 4. The piperazine ring of prochlorperazine is also substituted at R4 with a methyl group. Prochlorperazine is found in pills as a maleate. It is analogous to [[chlorpromazine]], another antipsychotic phenothiazine.

==Pharmacology==

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Prochlorperazine is thought to exert its [[antipsychotic]] effects by blocking [[dopamine]] receptors.<ref>Manuchair S. Ebadi, Desk reference of clinical pharmacology. 2007</ref>

Prochlorperazine is analogous to [[chlorpromazine]]; both of these agents [[antagonist|antagonize]] [[dopamine]]~~rgic~~ D2 receptors in various pathways of the central nervous system. This D2 blockade results in antipsychotic, antiemetic and other effects.

Prochlorperazine is analogous to [[chlorpromazine]]; both of these agents [[antagonist|antagonize]] [[dopamine|dopaminergic]] D2 receptors in various pathways of the central nervous system. This D2 blockade results in antipsychotic, antiemetic and other effects.

==Subjective effects==

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It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===

As with other antipsychotics, long-term use ~~can be considered addictive~~ and is ~~capable of causing~~ both physical and psychological dependence. When physical dependence has developed, withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

As with other antipsychotics, dependence can be present with long-term use and is both physical and psychological dependence. When physical dependence has developed, withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

==Legal issues==

*'''~~U.K~~:''' The drug is available over the counter and as a prescription medication.

*'''UK:''' The drug is available over the counter and as a prescription medication. The OTC brand is Buccastem, a [[Routes of Administration#Buccal|buccal]] delivery system of prochlorperazine for motion sickness or nausea.

*'''~~U.S~~:''' Prochlorperazine is available only through prescription.

*'''US:''' Prochlorperazine is available only through prescription.

*'''Australia:''' The substance is available only through prescription.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Prochlorperazine is a piperazine derivative of the phenothiazine class of organic compounds. Prochlorperazine contains a thiazine ring, a six-member ring which includes one nitrogen and one sulfur atom. The thiazine ring is fused to two benzene rings, creating a tricyclic phenothiazine. Prochlorperazine contains a chlorine atom bound to R<sub>2</sub> of the phenothiazine group.
-Additionally, there is a three carbon propyl chain bound at R<sub>10</sub> to the nitrogen atom of the structure. The propyl chain is bound at its terminal carbon to a piperazine ring at R<sub>1</sub>. Piperazine is a six-membered saturated ring with two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 4. The piperazine ring of prochlorperazine is also substituted at R<sub>4</sub> with a methyl group. Prochlorperazine is found in pills as a maleate. It is analogous to [[chlorpromazine]], another anti-psychotic phenothiazine.
+Additionally, there is a three carbon propyl chain bound at R<sub>10</sub> to the nitrogen atom of the structure. The propyl chain is bound at its terminal carbon to a piperazine ring at R<sub>1</sub>. Piperazine is a six-membered saturated ring with two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 4. The piperazine ring of prochlorperazine is also substituted at R<sub>4</sub> with a methyl group. Prochlorperazine is found in pills as a maleate. It is analogous to [[chlorpromazine]], another antipsychotic phenothiazine.
 ==Pharmacology==
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 Prochlorperazine is thought to exert its [[antipsychotic]] effects by blocking [[dopamine]] receptors.<ref>Manuchair S. Ebadi, Desk reference of clinical pharmacology. 2007</ref>
-Prochlorperazine is analogous to [[chlorpromazine]]; both of these agents [[antagonist|antagonize]] [[dopamine]]rgic D2 receptors in various pathways of the central nervous system. This D2 blockade results in antipsychotic, antiemetic and other effects.
+Prochlorperazine is analogous to [[chlorpromazine]]; both of these agents [[antagonist|antagonize]] [[dopamine|dopaminergic]] D2 receptors in various pathways of the central nervous system. This D2 blockade results in antipsychotic, antiemetic and other effects.
 ==Subjective effects==
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
 ===Tolerance and addiction potential===
-As with other antipsychotics, long-term use can be considered addictive and is capable of causing both physical and psychological dependence. When physical dependence has developed, withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
+As with other antipsychotics, dependence can be present with long-term use and is both physical and psychological dependence. When physical dependence has developed, withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
 ==Legal issues==
-*'''U.K:''' The drug is available over the counter and as a prescription medication.
+*'''UK:''' The drug is available over the counter and as a prescription medication. The OTC brand is Buccastem, a [[Routes of Administration#Buccal|buccal]] delivery system of prochlorperazine for motion sickness or nausea.
-*'''U.S:''' Prochlorperazine is available only through prescription.
+*'''US:''' Prochlorperazine is available only through prescription.
 *'''Australia:''' The substance is available only through prescription.