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DOM: Difference between revisions
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'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine''' (also known as '''DOM''' and '''STP''' or '''"Serenity, Tranquility and Peace"''') is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class of chemicals. It is a member of the [[DOx]] family of compounds which are known for their high potency, long duration, and unique mixture of [[psychedelic]] and [[stimulant|stimulating]] effects.{{citation needed}} | '''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine''' (also known as '''DOM''' and '''STP''' or '''"Serenity, Tranquility and Peace"''') is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class of chemicals. It is a member of the [[DOx]] family of compounds which are known for their high potency, long duration, and unique mixture of [[psychedelic]] and [[stimulant|stimulating]] effects.{{citation needed}} | ||
DOM was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by [[Alexander Shulgin]] who was investigating the effect of 4-position substitutions on [[psychedelic]] [[amphetamines]].<ref>Shulgin, Alexander (1991). | DOM was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by [[Alexander Shulgin]] who was investigating the effect of 4-position substitutions on [[psychedelic]] [[amphetamines]].<ref>Shulgin, Alexander (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. pp. 53–56.</ref> It attained some popularity during the summer of 1967 as a psychedelic drug under the name "STP" ("Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace"),<ref>"STP's faster, here's why". Berkeley Barb, June 16-22, 1967. 3-5 (Independent Voices) | http://voices.revealdigital.com/cgi-bin/independentvoices?a=d&d=BFBJFGD19670616.1.3</ref> but widespread human use was short-lived. Subsequently, in 1991, the synthesis and pharmacology of DOM was published in ''[[PiHKAL]]'' ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved")<ref name="PiHKAL">http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml</ref> by [[Alexander Shulgin]]. | ||
This particular substance is part of the so-called "magical half-dozen" which refers to Shulgin's self-rated most important phenethylamine compounds, all of which except [[mescaline]] he developed and synthesized himself. They are found within the first book of PiHKAL and are as follows: [[Mescaline]], DOM, [[2C-B]], [[2C-E]], [[2C-T-2]] and [[2C-T-7]]. | |||
Over the years, DOM has gained a reputation for being a highly dose-sensitive psychedelic that is often sold on blotting paper and known for its strong visuals, body load and neutral, analytical headspace. Many reports also indicate that the effects of this chemical may be overly difficult to use for those who are not already experienced with psychedelics. | |||
Today, DOM is rarely encountered in the street and is used either as a [[recreational drug]] or as an [[entheogen]]. | |||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
DOM, or 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, is a molecule of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class. Amphetamines are substituted phenethylamines containing a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain and a methyl group bound to the alpha carbon R<sub>α</sub>. DOM contains methoxy functional groups OCH<sub>3</sub> attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> and a methyl group attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring. DOM is the amphetamine analogue of the phenethylamine [[2C-D]].<ref>http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=62</ref><ref>http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=68</ref> | DOM, or 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, is a molecule of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class. Amphetamines are substituted phenethylamines containing a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain and a methyl group bound to the alpha carbon R<sub>α</sub>. DOM contains methoxy functional groups OCH<sub>3</sub> attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> and a methyl group attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring. | ||
DOM is the amphetamine analogue of the phenethylamine [[2C-D]].<ref>http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=62</ref><ref>http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=68</ref> | |||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
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DOM is a selective [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]], [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2B</sub>]], and [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor]] [[agonist|partial agonist]]. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its [[agonist]]ic properties at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOM is often used in scientific research when studying the [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor]] subfamily. | DOM is a selective [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]], [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2B</sub>]], and [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor]] [[agonist|partial agonist]]. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its [[agonist]]ic properties at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOM is often used in scientific research when studying the [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor]] subfamily. | ||
DOM is a [[Chirality|chiral]] molecule, and ''R''-(-)-DOM is the more active [[enantiomer]], functioning as a potent agonist of the serotonin | DOM is a [[Chirality|chiral]] molecule, and ''R''-(-)-DOM is the more active [[enantiomer]], functioning as a potent agonist of the serotonin family of receptors (mainly of the 5-HT<sub>2</sub> subtype).<ref>Sanders-Bush, Burris, KD; Knoth, K, (September 1988). "Lysergic acid diethylamide and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine are partial agonists at serotonin receptors linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2843634</ref> | ||
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive. | However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive. | ||
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{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, DOM is usually considered to be mildly stimulating at levels which do not become overwhelming, encouraging users to move around, run, dance, climb and generally engage in physical activities. In comparison, it is more stimulating than psychedelics like [[psilocin]], but less stimulating than most compounds of the [[DOx]] family. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of DOM is | *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of DOM is reported to be somewhat intense in comparison to most classical [[psychedelics]]. However, in comparison to [[DOC]] and the overwhelming forcefulness of [[2C-E]], it can be considered relatively mild. The sensation itself can be described as a constantly present yet somewhat mild energetic pins and needles sensation that encompasses one's entire body. This is coupled with a euphoric, fast-moving, sharp and location specific tingling sensation. It is usually felt over every square inch of the skin, but occasionally manifests itself in the form of a continuously shifting tingling sensation that travels up and down the body in spontaneous waves. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' - Feelings of enhanced tactile sensation are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most DOM experiences. If [[Level 8A]] visuals are reached, an intense sensation of suddenly becoming aware of and being able to feel every single nerve ending across a person's entire body all at once is consistently present. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' - Feelings of enhanced tactile sensation are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most DOM | |||
*'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Bodily pressures]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Bodily pressures]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]]''' | ||
**'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Muscle contractions]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Muscle contractions]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Moderate to extreme nausea | *'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Moderate to extreme nausea is typically reported at moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - This effect is usually only present at higher dosages, but can be particularly uncomfortable. | *'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - This effect is usually only present at higher dosages, but can be particularly uncomfortable and persistent. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Mouth numbing]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Mouth numbing]]''' | ||
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====[[Effect::Geometry]]==== | ====[[Effect::Geometry]]==== | ||
The visual geometry that is present throughout this | The visual geometry that is present throughout this experience can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[4-AcO-DMT]] or [[ayahuasca]] than that of [[LSD]], [[2C-B]] or [[2C-I]]. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Geometry#Variations|variations]] as intricate in style, equally algorithmic and abstract in form, equally synthetic and organic in style, structured in organization, brightly lit in lighting, multicolored in scheme, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, large in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in rounded and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. Higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]]. | ||
====Hallucinatory states==== | ====Hallucinatory states==== | ||
DOM produces a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used [[psychedelic]]s. This holds particularly true in comparison to other substances within the [[phenethylamines|phenethylamine]] family. These effects include: | DOM produces a full range of high-level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used [[psychedelic]]s. This holds particularly true in comparison to other substances within the [[phenethylamines|phenethylamine]] family. These effects include: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Transformations]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucinations]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::alterations in perspective]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other psychedelics such as [[LSD]], DOM is extremely high in its internal hallucinations. This particular effect commonly contains hallucinations with scenarios, settings, concepts and autonomous entity contact. They can be comprehensively described in terms of their [[Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability and [[Effect::geometry]]-based in appearance. They are more common within dark environments and can be described as internal in their manifestation, lucid in believability, interactive in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme. | *'''[[Effect::Internal hallucinations]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::alterations in perspective]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other psychedelics such as [[LSD]], DOM is extremely high in its internal hallucinations. This particular effect commonly contains hallucinations with scenarios, settings, concepts and autonomous entity contact. They can be comprehensively described in terms of their [[Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability and [[Effect::geometry]]-based in appearance. They are more common within dark environments and can be described as internal in their manifestation, lucid in believability, interactive in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme. | ||
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The total sum of these cognitive components regardless of the setting generally includes: | The total sum of these cognitive components regardless of the setting generally includes: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement]]''' - This component is consistently manifested only in the context of social settings in which one is within the company of others. These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] and [[2C-B]], but still prove strong enough to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects. | *'''[[Effect::Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement]]''' - This component is consistently manifested only in the context of social settings in which one is within the company of others. These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] and [[2C-B]], but still prove strong enough to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Emotionality enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Emotionality enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | ||
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]''' | **'''[[Effect::Ego death]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]''' | ||
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{{effects/auditory| | {{effects/auditory| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement | *'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion | *'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations | *'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations]]''' | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{effects/multisensory| | {{effects/multisensory| | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{effects/transpersonal| | {{effects/transpersonal| | ||
'''Note:''' | '''Note:''' While transpersonal states have been reported following the use of [[DOM]], they seem to occur in a far less consistent and reproducible fashion than it does for the so-called "classical psychedelics." This can perhaps be attributed to the prominent physical and stimulating effects that this substance produces, which tends to interfere with the ability for the user to fully immerse themselves in the experience. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]''' | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}} | {{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}} | ||
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational DOM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because DOM is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational DOM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because DOM is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. | ||
Anecdotal evidence from those within the community who have tried DOM suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the substance by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption. | |||
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this | It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
DOM is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can | DOM is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating. | ||
Tolerance to the effects of DOM are built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::7 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). DOM presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of DOM all psychedelics will have a reduced effect. | Tolerance to the effects of DOM are built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::7 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). DOM presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of DOM all psychedelics will have a reduced effect. | ||
===Dangerous interactions=== | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||
{{DangerousInteractions}} | {{DangerousInteractions/Intro}} | ||
*'''[[Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold<ref>Talaie, H., Panahandeh, R., Fayaznouri, M. R., Asadi, Z., & Abdollahi, M. (2009). Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol. Journal of medical toxicology, 5(2), 63-67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089</ref> and [[psychedelics]] may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.{{citation needed}} | *'''[[Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold<ref>Talaie, H., Panahandeh, R., Fayaznouri, M. R., Asadi, Z., & Abdollahi, M. (2009). Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol. Journal of medical toxicology, 5(2), 63-67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089</ref> and [[psychedelics]] may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.{{citation needed}} | ||
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*'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication) Lithium]''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. It may possibly cause elevated risk of seizures and psychosis due to its [[Glutamate|glutaminergic]] and [[GABA|GABAergic]] effects.{{citation needed}} | *'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication) Lithium]''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. It may possibly cause elevated risk of seizures and psychosis due to its [[Glutamate|glutaminergic]] and [[GABA|GABAergic]] effects.{{citation needed}} | ||
== | ==Legality== | ||
*'''Brazil''' - Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344 as "STP".<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref> | *'''Brazil''' - Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344 as "STP".<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref> | ||
*''' | *'''Belgium:''' DOM is a Schedule I drug.{{citation needed}} | ||
*''' | *'''Canada:''' DOM is a Schedule I drug.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Latvia:''' DOM is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2,5-Dimetoksifeniletānamīni) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref> | *'''Latvia:''' DOM is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2,5-Dimetoksifeniletānamīni) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref> | ||
*'''New Zealand:''' DOM is a Class A drug.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Switzerland:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.<ref>https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/201512010000/812.121.11.pdf</ref> | *'''Switzerland:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.<ref>https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/201512010000/812.121.11.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom:''' DOM is a Class A drug.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''United States:''' DOM is a Schedule I drug.{{citation needed}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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*[[DOI]] | *[[DOI]] | ||
*[[2C-D]] | *[[2C-D]] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine DOM (Wikipedia)] | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine DOM (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dom/dom.shtml DOM (Erowid)] | *[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dom/dom.shtml DOM (Erowid)] | ||
*[http://factsheet.tripsit.me/dom DOM (TripSit)] | |||
===Forums=== | |||
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/291980-The-Big-amp-Dandy-DOM-Thread DOM (Bluelight)] | *[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/291980-The-Big-amp-Dandy-DOM-Thread DOM (Bluelight)] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||