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2C-D: Difference between revisions

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>Niamh
Summary - initial investigations by Shulgin pre-date published synthesis / origin of name
>Unity
Streamlined intro. Implemented History and culture section.
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{{SubstanceBox/2C-D}}
{{SubstanceBox/2C-D}}


'''2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine''' (also known as '''2C-M''', and more commonly as '''2C-D''') is a synthetic [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] of the [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] chemical class that produces short-lived [[psychedelic]] effects comparable to those produced by [[mescaline]] and other [[2C-x]] compounds when [[routes of administration|administered]]. Its synthesis was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences,<ref>Amphetamine analogs. II. Methylated phenethylamines (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5412084</ref>, but initial trials by [[Alexander Shulgin]] at sub-threshold doses were carried out in 1964. Further investigations at higher doses were carried out by Shulgin and his fellow researchers between 1974 and 1978.<ref>Shulgin, Alexander. "Pharmacology Lab Notes #1". Lafayette, CA. (1960-1976). p94, p175 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/shulgin_labbook1_searchable.pdf</ref> The name '2C-D' derives from the chemical's structure - it is the 2-Carbon analogue of [[DOM]].
'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine''' (also known as '''2C-M''' and more commonly as '''2C-D''') is a synthetic [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] of the [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] chemical class that produces short-lived [[psychedelic]] effects comparable to those produced by [[mescaline]] and other [[2C-x]] compounds when [[routes of administration|administered]]. Its synthesis was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences.<ref>Amphetamine analogs. II. Methylated phenethylamines (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5412084</ref> Initial trials by [[Alexander Shulgin]] at sub-threshold doses in humans were carried out in 1964.<ref>Shulgin, Alexander. "Pharmacology Lab Notes #1". Lafayette, CA. (1960-1976). p94, p175 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/shulgin_labbook1_searchable.pdf</ref>


In his book [[PiHKAL]] ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved"), Shulgin lists the dosage range as being from 20 to 60 mg, although now many people regard that as a conservative estimate as it has been learned that substantially higher doses can be taken to induce a full spectrum of classical psychedelic effects while still remaining physically benign, a quality that is unique in the 2C family (e.g. [[2C-P]], [[2C-T-7]]). Lower doses of 2C-D (generally 10 mg or less) have been explored for its use as a potential [[nootropic]], albeit with mixed results.<ref>Lemaire, D. (1990). Erowid 2C-D Vault: Smart Pills, by Hosten & Lazar. Retrieved from https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cd/2cd_smartpills1.shtml</ref>
In his book [[PiHKAL]] ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved"), Shulgin lists the dosage range as being from 20 to 60 mg. This is now regarded by many as a conservative estimate as it has been learned that substantially higher doses can be taken to induce a full spectrum of classical psychedelic effects while still remaining physically benign, a relatively unique quality in the [[2C-x family]]. Lower doses of 2C-D (generally 10 mg or less) have been explored for its use as a potential [[nootropic]], albeit with mixed results.<ref>Lemaire, D. (1990). Erowid 2C-D Vault: Smart Pills, by Hosten & Lazar. Retrieved from https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cd/2cd_smartpills1.shtml</ref>
 
Many who have experimented with this substance report that it is calmer, easier to handle and more comfortable on the body than other closely related [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamine]]s. While not especially visual or physically euphoric, it is said to be very lucid in its head-space, analytical and cognitively unimpairing.
 
Today, 2C-D is used both recreationally and as an [[entheogenic]] substance. It is rarely sold on the streets and almost exclusively distributed as a gray area [[research chemical]] through online vendors.
 
==History and culture==
{{historyStub}}
The synthesis of 2C-D was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences,<ref>Amphetamine analogs. II. Methylated phenethylamines (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5412084</ref>, but initial trials by [[Alexander Shulgin]] at sub-threshold doses were carried out in 1964. Further investigations at higher doses were carried out by Shulgin and his fellow researchers between 1974 and 1978.<ref>Shulgin, Alexander. "Pharmacology Lab Notes #1". Lafayette, CA. (1960-1976). p94, p175 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/shulgin_labbook1_searchable.pdf</ref> The name '2C-D' derives from the chemical's structure - it is the 2-Carbon analogue of [[DOM]].


Notably, Shulgin also referred to this substance as a “pharmacological tofu,” meaning it can extend or potentiate the effect of other substances without coloring the experience too much, in a manner similar to how tofu absorbs the flavors of sauces or spices it is cooked with.{{citation needed}} While some people have claimed 2C-D is relatively uninteresting as a psychedelic on its own many users have come to strongly disagree with this early assessment and believe that 2C-D is a truly versatile and fully-fledged psychedelic [[entheogen]] in its own right (at the right doses and contexts).  
Notably, Shulgin also referred to this substance as a “pharmacological tofu,” meaning it can extend or potentiate the effect of other substances without coloring the experience too much, in a manner similar to how tofu absorbs the flavors of sauces or spices it is cooked with.{{citation needed}} While some people have claimed 2C-D is relatively uninteresting as a psychedelic on its own many users have come to strongly disagree with this early assessment and believe that 2C-D is a truly versatile and fully-fledged psychedelic [[entheogen]] in its own right (at the right doses and contexts).  


Many who have experimented with this substance report that it is calmer, easier to handle and more comfortable on the body than other closely related [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamine]]s. While not especially visual or physically euphoric, it is said to be very lucid in its head-space, analytical and cognitively unimpaired, which can readily induce a state of [[euphoria|cognitive euphoria]].  
Albeit showing promise as a very functional psychostimulant<ref>Zuba, D., & Sekula, K. (2013). Analytical characterization of three hallucinogenic N-(2-methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C-series of phenethylamine drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 5(8), 634–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1397</ref><ref>King, L. A. (2014). New phenethylamines in Europe. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(7–8), 808–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1570</ref> with very successful studies investigating the use in psychotherapy in Germany,<ref>Schneider, U. (2004). Aspekte des Psychischen: Festschrift anlässlich des 60. Geburtstags von Hinderk M. Emrich. Würzbug, Germany: Königshausen & Neumann. '''No complete fulltext was available at the time of writing, please refer to the Google Scholar document: https://books.google.de/books?id=yo45tYQj2-MC&lpg=PA129&ots=tW1EqmhrGF&dq=DMM-PEA&hl=de&pg=PA129&output=embed.'''</ref> 2C-D has not found widespread use. This has been argued to be due to the previously limited diversity of substances on the market -- a consumer dynamic which has changed significantly with the advent of the internet -- allowing a broader freedom of choice for explorers of psychedelic phenethylamines.<ref>Martin, J. (2014). Drugs on the Dark Net. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137399052</ref> Of these, it tends to be substantially harder to find and notably more expensive by weight.{{citation needed}}


Today, 2C-D is used both recreationally and as an [[entheogenic]] substance, is rarely sold on the streets and almost exclusively obtained online as a gray area [[research chemical]] through the use of private vendors. Albeit being a very functional psychostimulant<ref>Zuba, D., & Sekula, K. (2013). Analytical characterization of three hallucinogenic N-(2-methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C-series of phenethylamine drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 5(8), 634–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1397</ref><ref>King, L. A. (2014). New phenethylamines in Europe. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(7–8), 808–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1570</ref> with very successful studies investigating the use in psychotherapy in Germany,<ref>Schneider, U. (2004). Aspekte des Psychischen: Festschrift anlässlich des 60. Geburtstags von Hinderk M. Emrich. Würzbug, Germany: Königshausen & Neumann. '''No complete fulltext was available at the time of writing, please refer to the Google Scholar document: https://books.google.de/books?id=yo45tYQj2-MC&lpg=PA129&ots=tW1EqmhrGF&dq=DMM-PEA&hl=de&pg=PA129&output=embed.'''</ref> 2C-D has not found widespread use. This has been argued to be due to the previously limited diversity of substances on the market -- a consumer dynamic which has changed significantly with the advent of the internet -- allowing a broader freedom of choice for explorers of psychedelic phenethylamines.<ref>Martin, J. (2014). Drugs on the Dark Net. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137399052</ref> Of these, it tends to be substantially harder to find and notably more expensive by weight.{{citation needed}}


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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