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3-FPM: Difference between revisions

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{{SubstanceBox/3-FPM}}
{{SubstanceBox/3-FPM}}


'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] drug of the substituted [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. The chemical had no history of human usage prior to 2014 when it began being sold online through [[research chemical]] vendors.  
'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the substituted [[Chemical class::amphetamine]] class. It produces classical stimulant effects such as [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement|focus]] & [[motivation enhancement]], [[thought acceleration]], [[wakefulness]], and [[euphoria]] when [[routes of administration|administered]]. It is a structural analog of [[phenmetrazine]], a stimulant drug that was clinically used in Europe as an anorectic (weight-loss agent) in the 1950s before it was later withdrawn due to concerns over misuse and addiction.<ref> Kalant, Oriana Josseau (1966). The Amphetamines: Toxicity and Addiction. ISBN 0-398-02511-8.</ref>


3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than drugs of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting drug as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.  
3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than drugs of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting drug as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.  


Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It is worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."
Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It is worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 3-FPM in humans. It has no history of human usage until 2014 when it began being sold as a gray-area [[research chemical]] by online vendors. Due to its likely ability to produce dependence and addiction, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the [[amphetamine]] family.  Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine atom attached at R<sub>3</sub> of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R<sub>2</sub> of its chain, an oxygen group is bound -- this oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is a fluorinated derivative of [[phenmetrazine]].
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the [[amphetamine]] family.  Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine atom attached at R<sub>3</sub> of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R<sub>2</sub> of its chain, an oxygen group is bound -- this oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is a fluorinated derivative of [[phenmetrazine]].
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==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}                                                                            
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
===Physical effects===
{{effects/base
 
|{{effects/physical|
 
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[MDMA]] or [[cocaine]]. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[MDMA]] or [[cocaine]]. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' - In comparison to other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]],  3-FPM only has a mild effect on one's heart rate.
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' - In comparison to other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]],  3-FPM only has a mild effect on one's heart rate.
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with [[amphetamine]] or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with [[amphetamine]] or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Frequent urination]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dry mouth]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' {{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - 3-FPM is known for having aphrodisiac properties and is said to enhance sex drive and improve sexual performance.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - 3-FPM is known for having aphrodisiac properties and is said to enhance sex drive and improve sexual performance.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]] and many other stimulants.
 
}}
|{{effects/cognitive|


===Cognitive effects===
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - While 3-FPM is often noted for its potential functional applications, higher doses can result in the kind of disinhibition seen in traditional stimulants like [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]], leading to increased sociability.
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - This component is much less intense than the euphoria experienced with other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[cocaine]], or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - This component is much less intense than the euphoria experienced with other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[cocaine]], or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - While 3-FPM is often noted for its potential functional applications, higher doses can result in the kind of disinhibition seen in traditional stimulants like [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]], leading to increased sociability.
*'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This component is most effective at low to moderate doses as anything higher will usually impair concentration.
*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This component is most effective at low to moderate doses as anything higher will usually impair concentration.
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' - This component is experienced in a functional form even at moderate to high doses.
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' - This component is experienced in a functional form even at moderate to high doses.
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - This can be described as the experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it usually would when sober.
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - This can be described as the experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it usually would when sober.
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''


===After effects===
}}
{{effects/aftereffects|
 
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
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==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).  
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).  


It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
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*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - 3-FPM can be potentially dangerous in combination with other [[stimulant]]s as it can [[increased heart rate|increase one's heart rate]] and [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] to dangerous levels.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - 3-FPM can be potentially dangerous in combination with other [[stimulant]]s as it can [[increased heart rate|increase one's heart rate]] and [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] to dangerous levels.{{citation needed}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with [[amphetamine]]s.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with [[amphetamines]] and related compounds like the phenmetrazines.{{citation needed}}
{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart to dangerous levels.{{citation needed}}


==Legal issues==
==Legality==
*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug, under the Federal Analogue Act if it is intended for human consumption.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug, under the Federal Analogue Act if it is intended for human consumption.{{citation needed}}
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