4-FA: Difference between revisions

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Anecdotal reports have described the subjective effects of [[4-FA]] as having a moderate [[MDMA|MDMA-like]] [[entactogenic]] onset for the initial few hours of the experience that then gradually transitions into traditional [[amphetamine|amphetamine-type]] [[stimulation]] (for a total duration of around 6 to 8 hours) with residual effects that can last a few hours afterward.{{citation needed}}

4-FA is rarely found on the streets but commonly sold as a grey area [[research chemical]] by online vendors along with related compounds such as [[2-FMA]] and [[3-FA]].<ref>The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223101</ref><ref>Isomeric fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled-substance analogues ([[designer drug]]s). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639609</ref> Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 4-FA, and it has only a brief history of human usage. Due to its ~~potent~~ psychostimulant effects, likely habit-forming properties as well as poorly understood toxicity profile, it is strongly recommended that one use proper [[harm reduction]] practices if choosing to use this substance.

4-FA is rarely found on the streets but commonly sold as a grey area [[research chemical]] by online vendors along with related compounds such as [[2-FMA]] and [[3-FA]].<ref>The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223101</ref><ref>Isomeric fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled substance analogues ([[designer drug]]s). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639609</ref> Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 4-FA, and it has only a brief history of human usage. Due to its strong psychostimulant effects, likely habit-forming properties as well as poorly understood toxicity profile, it is strongly recommended that one use proper [[harm reduction]] practices if choosing to use this substance.

==Chemistry==

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==Subjective effects==

It is commonly reported that the first three to four hours of 4-FA present distinct [[entactogen]]ic effects that ~~has~~ been reported as feeling somewhat similar to MDMA although not quite as powerful. This is thought to correlate with the duration in which it is promoting the release of [[serotonin]] (in addition to [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. After this first phase of the experience, the effect then shifts towards something which feels like classic [[amphetamine]] stimulation which can persist for an extended period ~~of time~~.{{citation needed}}

It is commonly reported that the first three to four hours of 4-FA present distinct [[entactogen]]ic effects that have been reported as feeling somewhat similar to MDMA although not quite as powerful. This is thought to correlate with the duration in which it is promoting the release of [[serotonin]] (in addition to [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. After this first phase of the experience, the effect then shifts towards something which feels like classic [[amphetamine]] stimulation which can persist for an extended period.{{citation needed}}

'''Do not use 4-FA if you have a history of heart-related issues or experience a severe headache after its use.''' We have been made aware of a report released by Trimbos-instituut<ref>https://www.trimbos.nl/</ref> and Nationaal Vergiftigingen Informatie Centrum<ref>https://www.vergiftigingen.info/</ref> (NVIC), describing incidents of strokes after an increased use of 4-FA. In addition to the common amphetamine-like effects (agitation, anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain et al.), serious cardio- and cerebrovascular complications have been reported, including rhythm (sinus arrhythmia, ventricular extrasystoles (bigeminy), conduction disturbances) and acute cardiac failure. Although a causal relationship has not been confirmed, when presented with a severe headache and lateralization after 4-FA usage, a medical evaluation at an emergency department should be conducted immediately. <ref>https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/File:Behandeling-4-fa-intoxicatie.pdf</ref>

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==Toxicity and harm potential==

The toxicity and long-term effects of recreational 4-FA use have only scarcely been studied, because 4-FA has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence, as well as several case-reports, suggest there is a small to moderate individual health risk associated with the use of 4-FA. Among these, it appears there is an especially a high risk for acute cardiovascular toxicity. Some people in the Netherlands, only using a moderate dose, have died due to cardiac arrest or suffered severe brain damage due to a stroke. The mechanism of this acute toxicity is not yet known, but it seems as though the stroke starts off as an intense headache, or even a migraine attack, that slowly worsens.<ref>https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/File:4-FA risicobeoordeling (2016).pdf</ref>

The toxicity and long-term effects of recreational 4-FA use have only scarcely been studied because 4-FA has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence, as well as several case reports, suggest there is a small to moderate individual health risk associated with the use of 4-FA. Among these, it appears there is an especially a high risk for acute cardiovascular toxicity. Some people in the Netherlands, only using a moderate dose, have died due to cardiac arrest or suffered severe brain damage due to a stroke. The mechanism of this acute toxicity is not yet known, but it seems as though the stroke starts off as an intense headache or even a migraine attack, that slowly worsens.<ref>https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/File:4-FA risicobeoordeling (2016).pdf</ref>

The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] (mouse; i.p.) of 4-FA is 46 mg/kg.<ref> E. Costa and S. Garattini (1970). Amphetamines and Related Compounds. New York: Raven Press. p. 28.</ref> 4-FA does not cause long-lasting depletion of brain [[serotonin]] unlike [[MDMA]] or [[4-FA]]'s analogs [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine 4-CA] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine 4-BA].

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 Anecdotal reports have described the subjective effects of [[4-FA]] as having a moderate [[MDMA|MDMA-like]] [[entactogenic]] onset for the initial few hours of the experience that then gradually transitions into traditional [[amphetamine|amphetamine-type]] [[stimulation]] (for a total duration of around 6 to 8 hours) with residual effects that can last a few hours afterward.{{citation needed}}
--FA is rarely found on the streets but commonly sold as a grey area [[research chemical]] by online vendors along with related compounds such as [[2-FMA]] and [[3-FA]].<ref>The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223101</ref><ref>Isomeric fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled-substance analogues ([[designer drug]]s). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639609</ref> Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 4-FA, and it has only a brief history of human usage. Due to its potent psychostimulant effects, likely habit-forming properties as well as poorly understood toxicity profile, it is strongly recommended that one use proper [[harm reduction]] practices if choosing to use this substance.
+-FA is rarely found on the streets but commonly sold as a grey area [[research chemical]] by online vendors along with related compounds such as [[2-FMA]] and [[3-FA]].<ref>The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223101</ref><ref>Isomeric fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled substance analogues ([[designer drug]]s). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639609</ref> Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 4-FA, and it has only a brief history of human usage. Due to its strong psychostimulant effects, likely habit-forming properties as well as poorly understood toxicity profile, it is strongly recommended that one use proper [[harm reduction]] practices if choosing to use this substance.
 ==Chemistry==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ==Subjective effects==
-It is commonly reported that the first three to four hours of 4-FA present distinct [[entactogen]]ic effects that has been reported as feeling somewhat similar to MDMA although not quite as powerful. This is thought to correlate with the duration in which it is promoting the release of [[serotonin]] (in addition to [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. After this first phase of the experience, the effect then shifts towards something which feels like classic [[amphetamine]] stimulation which can persist for an extended period of time.{{citation needed}}
+It is commonly reported that the first three to four hours of 4-FA present distinct [[entactogen]]ic effects that have been reported as feeling somewhat similar to MDMA although not quite as powerful. This is thought to correlate with the duration in which it is promoting the release of [[serotonin]] (in addition to [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. After this first phase of the experience, the effect then shifts towards something which feels like classic [[amphetamine]] stimulation which can persist for an extended period.{{citation needed}}
 '''Do not use 4-FA if you have a history of heart-related issues or experience a severe headache after its use.''' We have been made aware of a report released by Trimbos-instituut<ref>https://www.trimbos.nl/</ref> and Nationaal Vergiftigingen Informatie Centrum<ref>https://www.vergiftigingen.info/</ref> (NVIC), describing incidents of strokes after an increased use of 4-FA. In addition to the common amphetamine-like effects (agitation, anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain et al.), serious cardio- and cerebrovascular complications have been reported, including rhythm (sinus arrhythmia, ventricular extrasystoles (bigeminy), conduction disturbances) and acute cardiac failure. Although a causal relationship has not been confirmed, when presented with a severe headache and lateralization after 4-FA usage, a medical evaluation at an emergency department should be conducted immediately. <ref>https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/File:Behandeling-4-fa-intoxicatie.pdf</ref>
@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 ==Toxicity and harm potential==
 {{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
-The toxicity and long-term effects of recreational 4-FA use have only scarcely been studied, because 4-FA has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence, as well as several case-reports, suggest there is a small to moderate individual health risk associated with the use of 4-FA. Among these, it appears there is an especially a high risk for acute cardiovascular toxicity. Some people in the Netherlands, only using a moderate dose, have died due to cardiac arrest or suffered severe brain damage due to a stroke. The mechanism of this acute toxicity is not yet known, but it seems as though the stroke starts off as an intense headache, or even a migraine attack, that slowly worsens.<ref>https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/File:4-FA risicobeoordeling (2016).pdf</ref>
+The toxicity and long-term effects of recreational 4-FA use have only scarcely been studied because 4-FA has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence, as well as several case reports, suggest there is a small to moderate individual health risk associated with the use of 4-FA. Among these, it appears there is an especially a high risk for acute cardiovascular toxicity. Some people in the Netherlands, only using a moderate dose, have died due to cardiac arrest or suffered severe brain damage due to a stroke. The mechanism of this acute toxicity is not yet known, but it seems as though the stroke starts off as an intense headache or even a migraine attack, that slowly worsens.<ref>https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/File:4-FA risicobeoordeling (2016).pdf</ref>
 The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] (mouse; i.p.) of 4-FA is 46 mg/kg.<ref> E. Costa and S. Garattini (1970). Amphetamines and Related Compounds. New York: Raven Press. p. 28.</ref> 4-FA does not cause long-lasting depletion of brain [[serotonin]] unlike [[MDMA]] or [[4-FA]]'s analogs [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine 4-CA] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine 4-BA].