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APICA: Difference between revisions
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{{SubstanceBox/2NE1}} | {{SubstanceBox/2NE1}} | ||
'''2NE1''' (also known as '''APICA''' and '''SDB-001''') is a novel synthetic designer [[psychoactive class::cannabinoid]] that | '''2NE1''' (also known as '''APICA''', and '''SDB-001''') is a novel synthetic designer [[psychoactive class::cannabinoid]] that produces subjective effects somewhat similar to those of [[cannabis]] when [[routes of administration|administered]]. It has been shown to act as a potent [[agonist]] for the CB1 and CB2 [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]].<ref>Samuel D. Banister, Jordyn Stuart, Richard C. Kevin, Amelia Edington, Mitchell Longworth, Shane M. Wilkinson, Corinne Beinat, Alexandra S. Buchanan, David E. Hibbs, Michelle Glass, Mark Connor, Iain S. McGregor, and Michael Kassiou. "Effects of Bioisosteric Fluorine in Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135" Chemical Neuroscience. 2015;6(8);1445-1458;doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107 (Pubmed / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25921407</ref> | ||
The name | The name "2NE1" appears to be a reference to the South Korean all-girl K-Pop group,<ref>2NE1 (Wikipedia) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2NE1</ref> a naming convention shared by the closely related chemical [[AKB48]]. In 2011, the two chemicals were first identified in Japan as a mixture in a product sold under the name "Fragrance Powder".<ref>Nahoko Uchiyama, Maiko Kawamura, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri, Yukihiro Goda. "Identification of two new-type synthetic cannabinoids, N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (APICA) and N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide(APINACA), and detection of five synthetic cannabinoids, AM-1220, AM-2233, AM-1241, CB-13 (CRA-13), and AM-1248, as designer drugs in illegal products" Forensic Toxicology (2012) 30: 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-012-0136-7</ref>. 2NE1 has since been available for sale as a grey-area [[research chemical]] through online vendors. | ||
Synthetic cannabinoids are commonly [[smoked]] or [[vaporized]] to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. There is little information available about the use of 2NE1 via other [[routes of administration]], although as with other synthetic cannabinoids 2NE1 could be expected to be [[orally]] active when dissolved in a lipid, which may significant extend its [[duration]]. It is insoluble in water, but dissolves in ethanol and lipids.{{citation needed}} | |||
Unlike [[cannabis]], the chronic abuse of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] has been [[Synthetic_cannabinoid#Deaths|associated with multiple deaths]] and [[Synthetic cannabinoid#Harm potential|more dangerous side effects and toxicity]] in general. Therefore, it is strongly discouraged to take this substance for extended periods of time or in excessive doses. | Unlike [[cannabis]], the chronic abuse of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] has been [[Synthetic_cannabinoid#Deaths|associated with multiple deaths]] and [[Synthetic cannabinoid#Harm potential|more dangerous side effects and toxicity]] in general. Therefore, it is strongly discouraged to take this substance for extended periods of time or in excessive doses. Adequate independent research and [[harm reduction practices]] are strongly advised if choosing to use this substance. | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
2NE1, or N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide, is a synthetic [[Chemical class::indole cannabinoid]]. Like many synthetic cannabinoids, it can be considered to be composed of four linked structures: core, bridge, head and tail.<ref>Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe - Interactive: demystifying the chemistry (EMCDDA) | http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cannabinoids</ref>. In 2NE1, the core indole group is substituted at R<sub>1</sub> with a pentyl chain tail and at R<sub>3</sub> with a carboxamide bridge linking to an adamantyl head. 2NE1 can be considered an | 2NE1, or N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide, is a synthetic [[Chemical class::indole cannabinoid]]. Like many synthetic cannabinoids, it can be considered to be composed of four linked structures: core, bridge, head and tail.<ref>Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe - Interactive: demystifying the chemistry (EMCDDA) | http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cannabinoids</ref>. In 2NE1, the core indole group is substituted at R<sub>1</sub> with a pentyl chain tail and at R<sub>3</sub> with a carboxamide bridge linking to an adamantyl head. 2NE1 can be considered an analog of both [[AKB48]], which features an indazole group instead of 2NE1's indole, and [[STS-135]], in which the pentyl tail is further substituted with a terminal fluorine. | ||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
2NE1 acts as a full agonist of the cannabinoid receptors, with similar potency at both [[CB1]] and [[CB2]]. In vivo experiments measuring the response of rats to 2NE1 and similar drugs found that 2NE1 had similar potency to Δ9-[[THC]] and around a third the potency of [[JWH-018]]. In comparison to these other cannabinoids, 2NE1 appeared to elicit a longer duration of effect. Caution should be exercised in interpreting studies using animals as effects may differ significantly in humans.<ref>Banister SD, Wilkinson SM, Longworth M, et al. The Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Adamantane-Derived Indoles: Cannabimimetic Drugs of Abuse. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2013;4(7):1081-1092. doi:10.1021/cn400035r. (PMC/NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715837/</ref> Pharmacological studies have reported EC<sub>50</sub> values of 6.89 ± 0.11nM at CB1 and 7.54 ± 0.11nM at CB2. <ref>Samuel D. Banister, Jordyn Stuart, Richard C. Kevin, Amelia Edington, Mitchell Longworth, Shane M. Wilkinson, Corinne Beinat, Alexandra S. Buchanan, David E. Hibbs, Michelle Glass, Mark Connor, Iain S. McGregor, and Michael Kassiou. "Effects of Bioisosteric Fluorine in Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135" Chemical Neuroscience (2015). 6(8). 1445-1458. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107</ref> It is likely that 2NE1 shares many of the in vivo properties of [[Δ9-THC]]. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the cannabinoid high has yet to be scientifically validated. | 2NE1 acts as a full agonist of the cannabinoid receptors, with similar potency at both [[CB1]] and [[CB2]]. In vivo experiments measuring the response of rats to 2NE1 and similar drugs found that 2NE1 had similar potency to Δ9-[[THC]] and around a third the potency of [[JWH-018]]. In comparison to these other cannabinoids, 2NE1 appeared to elicit a longer duration of effect. Caution should be exercised in interpreting studies using animals as effects may differ significantly in humans.<ref>Banister SD, Wilkinson SM, Longworth M, et al. The Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Adamantane-Derived Indoles: Cannabimimetic Drugs of Abuse. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2013;4(7):1081-1092. doi:10.1021/cn400035r. (PMC/NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715837/</ref> Pharmacological studies have reported EC<sub>50</sub> values of 6.89 ± 0.11nM at CB1 and 7.54 ± 0.11nM at CB2. <ref>Samuel D. Banister, Jordyn Stuart, Richard C. Kevin, Amelia Edington, Mitchell Longworth, Shane M. Wilkinson, Corinne Beinat, Alexandra S. Buchanan, David E. Hibbs, Michelle Glass, Mark Connor, Iain S. McGregor, and Michael Kassiou. "Effects of Bioisosteric Fluorine in Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135" Chemical Neuroscience (2015). 6(8). 1445-1458. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107</ref> It is likely that 2NE1 shares many of the in vivo properties of [[Δ9-THC]]. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the cannabinoid high has yet to be scientifically validated. | ||
In vivo metabolic studies on 2NE1 have shown that the drug is fully | In vivo metabolic studies on 2NE1 have shown that the drug is fully metabolized with none of the original compound detectable in urine. The major metabolites were mono- or dihydroxylated on the adamantyl ring system and monohydroxylated on the pentyl chain<ref>Tim Sobolevsky, Ilya Prasolov and Grigory Rodchenkov. "Study on the phase I metabolism of novel synthetic cannabinoids, APICA and its fluorinated analogue". Drug Testing and Analysis. 2015;7(2);131-142;doi:10.1002/dta.1756 (Pubmed / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428705</ref>. | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
===Physical effects=== | ===Physical effects=== | ||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous | *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 2NE1 can be described as a sharp, uncomfortable, all-encompassing, and electric tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements. | *'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, 2NE1 causes an increase in appetite<ref>Mechoulam, R. (1984). Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5772-1.</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref>How Marijuana Works | http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref>How Marijuana Works | http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm</ref> | *'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, 2NE1 causes an increase in appetite<ref>Mechoulam, R. (1984). Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5772-1.</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref>How Marijuana Works | http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref>How Marijuana Works | http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x/abstract</ref><ref>Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x/abstract</ref> | *'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x/abstract</ref><ref>Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x/abstract</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Perception of increased weight]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of decreased weight|Perception of decreased weight]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Perception of increased weight]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of decreased weight|Perception of decreased weight]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. | *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Vasodilation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Vasodilation]]'''{{citation needed}} | ||
===Cognitive effects=== | ===Cognitive effects=== | ||
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - In comparison to other cannabinoids, this compound is particularly prone to inducing feelings of anxiety and it should therefore be avoided by people who are particularly prone to this state of mind. | *'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' & '''[[Effect::Paranoia]]''' - In comparison to other cannabinoids, this compound is particularly prone to inducing feelings of anxiety and paranoia and it should therefore be avoided by people who are particularly prone to this state of mind. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Mindfulness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Mindfulness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Information processing suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Information processing suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref>Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence - The British Journal of Psychiatry Jan 2004, 184 (2) 110-117 | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/184/2/110.short</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref>Every-Palmer, S. [[Synthetic cannabinoid]] use and psychosis: an explorative study. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011.</ref><ref>“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication - The Journal of Emergency Medicine Volume 40, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 296–299 (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802</ref><ref>A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed - Pediatric Emergency Care: June 2010 - Volume 26 - Issue 6 - pp 462-465 | http://journals.lww.com/pec-online/Abstract/2010/06000/A_Teenager_With_Agitation__Higher_Than_She_Should.16.aspx</ref> | *'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref>Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence - The British Journal of Psychiatry Jan 2004, 184 (2) 110-117 | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/184/2/110.short</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref>Every-Palmer, S. [[Synthetic cannabinoid]] use and psychosis: an explorative study. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011.</ref><ref>“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication - The Journal of Emergency Medicine Volume 40, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 296–299 (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802</ref><ref>A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed - Pediatric Emergency Care: June 2010 - Volume 26 - Issue 6 - pp 462-465 | http://journals.lww.com/pec-online/Abstract/2010/06000/A_Teenager_With_Agitation__Higher_Than_She_Should.16.aspx</ref> | ||
===Auditory effects=== | ===Auditory effects=== | ||
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{{further|Synthetic cannabinoid#Toxicity and harm potential|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | {{further|Synthetic cannabinoid#Toxicity and harm potential|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | ||
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2NE1 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 2NE1 has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 2NE1 within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2NE1 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 2NE1 has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 2NE1 within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). It has been reported that overdose on this substance will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep. | ||
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly | It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly amplify [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, as with [[THC]] and [[cannabis]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] including 2NE1 may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref>Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence - The British Journal of Psychiatry Jan 2004, 184 (2) 110-117 | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/184/2/110.short</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref>Every-Palmer, S. [[Synthetic cannabinoid]] use and psychosis: an explorative study. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011.</ref><ref>“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication - The Journal of Emergency Medicine Volume 40, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 296–299 (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802</ref><ref>A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed - Pediatric Emergency Care: June 2010 - Volume 26 - Issue 6 - pp 462-465 | http://journals.lww.com/pec-online/Abstract/2010/06000/A_Teenager_With_Agitation__Higher_Than_She_Should.16.aspx</ref> | ||
As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience and injury to others. | As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience and injury to one self or others. | ||
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this | It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
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Tolerance to many of the effects of 2NE1 [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 2NE1 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[cannabinoids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 2NE all [[Psychoactive class::cannabinoid]]s will have a reduced effect. | Tolerance to many of the effects of 2NE1 [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 2NE1 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[cannabinoids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 2NE all [[Psychoactive class::cannabinoid]]s will have a reduced effect. | ||
== | ==Legality== | ||
{{legalStub}} | {{legalStub}} | ||
*'''United Kingdom''' - 2NE1 is a class B drug under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on the 14th December 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import. <ref>The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1109/made</ref> | *'''United Kingdom''' - 2NE1 is a class B drug under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on the 14th December 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import. <ref>The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1109/made</ref> | ||