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Salvinorin A: Difference between revisions
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'''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|'' | '''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|''Salvia divinorum'']], a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an [[entheogen]] by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring [[hallucinogens]] (such as [[DMT]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]) because it contains no nitrogen atoms, making it a [[Chemical class::terpenoid]] and not an [[alkaloid]] as is the norm. This means it cannot be rendered as a salt. | ||
It also differs in subjective experience compared to other [[Psychoactive class::hallucinogen]]s, and has been described as an atypical [[ | It also differs in subjective experience compared to other [[Psychoactive class::hallucinogen]]s, and has been described as an atypical [[psychedelic]] although this formal classification is debatable.{{citation needed}} | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
Salvinorin A is a neoclerodane molecule, an oxygenated cyclic diterpenoid. It contains four isoprene groups bound to its oxygenated polycyclic rings. Salvinorin A is unique as it is not an alkaloid; it contains no nitrogen atoms unlike classical, natural, or synthetic hallucinogens. | Salvinorin A is a neoclerodane molecule, an oxygenated cyclic diterpenoid. It contains four isoprene groups bound to its oxygenated polycyclic rings. Salvinorin A is unique as it is not an [[alkaloid]]; it contains no nitrogen atoms unlike almost all known classical, natural, or synthetic [[hallucinogens]]. | ||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] drugs, nor does it function as an NMDA receptor antagonist as most dissociatives do. Its unique structure lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding, namely it doesn't contain a quaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, salvinorin A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor. Salvinorin A is currently being researched in relation to its properties as an anti-addiction drug, and several analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been shown to have anti-addictive effects as well.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24484985</ref> | Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] drugs, nor does it function as an NMDA receptor antagonist as most dissociatives do. Its unique structure lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding, namely it doesn't contain a quaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, salvinorin A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor. Salvinorin A is currently being researched in relation to its properties as an anti-addiction drug, and several analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been shown to have anti-addictive effects as well.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24484985</ref> | ||
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in a [[ | However, the role of these interactions and how they result in a [[hallucinogenic]] experience continues to remain the subject of ongoing scientific inquiry. | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
===Physical effects=== | ===Physical effects=== | ||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' - The most prominent physical sensation of a salvinorin A trip is known by many people as “salvia gravity.” This is at least partially present during the mildest of trips and increases proportionally with dose until it is all-encompassing. It begins with a heavy sensation that pulls and tugs at the body. As this increases, it inevitably becomes so powerful that it swiftly lifts the tripper up and out of their body at extremely high speeds and over vast distances in a direction that often doesn't quite make sense. This feels as if the user is being pushed or pulled into a space vastly different from anything found on the classic hallucinogens. | *'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]''' - The most prominent physical sensation of a salvinorin A trip is known by many people as “salvia gravity.” This is at least partially present during the mildest of trips and increases proportionally with dose until it is all-encompassing. It begins with a heavy sensation that pulls and tugs at the body. As this increases, it inevitably becomes so powerful that it swiftly lifts the tripper up and out of their body at extremely high speeds and over vast distances in a direction that often doesn't quite make sense. This feels as if the user is being pushed or pulled into a space vastly different from anything found on the classic hallucinogens. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]''' - This effect often accompanies the onset of powerful salvinorin A gravity and can be described as non-painful sensations of being stretched horizontally or vertically into infinity, splitting into two halves, and a variety of other sudden changes. This can even include the user feeling as if they have actually become an inanimate object within their current setting. | *'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]''' - This effect often accompanies the onset of powerful salvinorin A gravity and can be described as non-painful sensations of being stretched horizontally or vertically into infinity, splitting into two halves, and a variety of other sudden changes. This can even include the user feeling as if they have actually become an inanimate object within their current setting. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - For some unlucky people, this is sometimes accompanied by the sensation of intense, sharp and cold pins and needles all over a person's skin which can quickly become very uncomfortable. Most people, however, will never experience this feeling. | *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - For some unlucky people, this is sometimes accompanied by the sensation of intense, sharp and cold pins and needles all over a person's skin which can quickly become very uncomfortable. Most people, however, will never experience this feeling. | ||
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====='''Tea'''===== | ====='''Tea'''===== | ||
A [[Hot water extraction from dried Salvia Divinorum leaves|tea]] can be made by crushing 3–4 g of dried leaves and boiling them for 5 minutes. Afterwards, let it simmer for around 15 minutes. Salvinorin A is not orally active, so the tea has to be kept in the mouth for around 15–20 seconds for each sip. This tea, if properly brewed and ingested, can produce a trance-like state when closing the eyes and up to an entire night of vivid and intense dreams along with occasional closed eye visuals. | A [[Hot water extraction from dried Salvia Divinorum leaves|tea]] can be made by crushing 3–4 g of dried leaves and boiling them for 5 minutes. Afterwards, let it simmer for around 15 minutes. Salvinorin A is not orally active, so the tea has to be kept in the mouth for around 15–20 seconds for each sip. This tea, if properly brewed and ingested, can produce a trance-like state when closing the eyes and up to an entire night of vivid and intense dreams along with occasional closed eye visuals. | ||
==Preparation methods== | |||
Preparation methods for this compound within our [[tutorial index]] include: | |||
* [[Hot water extraction from dried Salvia Divinorum leaves]] | |||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people within the | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people within the community who have tried salvinorin A suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the drug by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption. | ||
Due to its unusually potent and debilitating psychoactivity, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this | Due to its unusually potent and debilitating degree of psychoactivity, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
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*'''United States:''' Salvinorin A is illegal is some states but not all. | *'''United States:''' Salvinorin A is illegal is some states but not all. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||