Talk:Triple releasing agent: Difference between revisions

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'''Triple releasing agent (TRA)'''~~, also known as a (~~'''~~serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA)~~'''), is a type of psychoactive substance ~~that~~ induces the release of ~~four~~ major central nervous ~~system~~ [[monoamine]] neurotransmitters, [[serotonin]], [[norepinephrine~~]], [[epinephrine~~]], and [[dopamine]], in the ~~body and/or~~ brain. ~~Triple~~ releasing agents ~~are known to typically produce [[Euphoria|euphoriant]], [[entactogen]], and [[stimulant]] effects, and are almost exclusively encountered in the context of [[recreational drug use]]~~.

'''Triple releasing agent''' (also called a '''TRA''' or '''triple releaser''') is a informal term to describe a type of psychoactive substance which induces the release and increase in concentration of the three major central nervous [[monoamine]] neurotransmitters, [[serotonin]], [[norepinephrine]], and [[dopamine]] in the brain. In the field of neuropharmacology, they are more formally referred to as '''serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents (SNDRA)'''.

A closely related type of substance is a '''triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI)''', which also ~~typically produce~~ an increase in synaptic concentrations of the above-mentioned monoamines, albeit through a different mechanism. ~~Unlike~~ triple releasing agents, triple reuptake inhibitors have been investigated for various potential medical uses<ref>Chen, Z., & Skolnick, P. (2007). Triple uptake inhibitors: therapeutic potential in depression and beyond. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 16(9), 1365-1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.16.9.1365</ref> and FDA approval has been granted for the use of one such compound as an antidepressant,{{citation needed}} and for the use of several others as [[Appetite suppression|anorectics]].{{citation needed}} ~~Other~~ triple reuptake inhibitors ~~see widespread use as~~ [[recreational drug use~~|recreational drugs~~]], with [[cocaine]] being a prominent example.

In the context of [[psychonautics]] and [[recreational drug use]] triple releasing agents are typically associated with the ability to produce [[Euphoria|euphoriant]], [[entactogen]]ic, and [[stimulant|stimulating]] effects in a manner similar to [[MDMA]], [[MDA]], [[4-FA]] and other amphetamine-based compounds, with the entactogenic aspects being the most prominent.

A closely related type of substance is a '''triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI)''', which also produces an increase in synaptic concentrations of the above-mentioned monoamines, albeit through a different mechanism. Relative to triple releasing agents, triple reuptake inhibitors have a long history been investigated for various potential medical uses<ref>Chen, Z., & Skolnick, P. (2007). Triple uptake inhibitors: therapeutic potential in depression and beyond. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 16(9), 1365-1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.16.9.1365</ref> and FDA approval has been granted for the use of one such compound as an [[antidepressant]],{{citation needed}} and for the use of several others as [[Appetite suppression|anorectics]].{{citation needed}}

Unlike triple releasing agents, the family of triple reuptake inhibitors used for the purposes of [[recreational drug use]] is extremely limited, with [[cocaine]] being perhaps the only prominent example.{{citation needed}}

==Neurotoxicity==

Many releasing agents, notably many of those derived from [[amphetamine]], have been found to be neurotoxic to [[serotonin]] and/or [[dopamine]] neurons via damage to axons and dendrites, enzymes, mitochondria, DNA, ~~plasmalemmal~~ and vesicular transporters, and the cell membrane, ultimately causing cell death as a result.{{citation needed}}

Many releasing agents, notably many of those derived from [[amphetamine]], have been found to be neurotoxic to [[serotonin]] and/or [[dopamine]] neurons via damage to axons and dendrites, enzymes, mitochondria, DNA, plasmalemma and vesicular transporters, and the cell membrane, ultimately causing cell death as a result.{{citation needed}}

The neurotoxicity of some of these drugs is believed to be caused by oxidative stress induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species or free radicals, highly reactive particles that rip apart proteins and induce chain reactions of destruction. The free radicals are thought to be generated as byproducts when either the base compound or one or more of its metabolites are broken down by the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and/or cyclooxygenase (COX). It is thought hyperthermia and concurrent serotonin-dopamine release may also play a major role in augmenting damage.{{citation needed}}

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-'''Triple releasing agent (TRA)''', also known as a  ('''serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA)'''), is a type of psychoactive substance that induces the release of four major central nervous system [[monoamine]] neurotransmitters, [[serotonin]], [[norepinephrine]], [[epinephrine]], and [[dopamine]], in the body and/or brain. Triple releasing agents are known to typically produce [[Euphoria|euphoriant]], [[entactogen]], and [[stimulant]] effects, and are almost exclusively encountered in the context of [[recreational drug use]].
+'''Triple releasing agent''' (also called a '''TRA''' or '''triple releaser''') is a informal term to describe a type of psychoactive substance which induces the release and increase in concentration of the three major central nervous [[monoamine]] neurotransmitters, [[serotonin]], [[norepinephrine]], and [[dopamine]] in the brain. In the field of neuropharmacology, they are more formally referred to as '''serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents (SNDRA)'''.
-A closely related type of substance is a '''triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI)''', which also typically produce an increase in synaptic concentrations of the above-mentioned monoamines, albeit through a different mechanism. Unlike triple releasing agents, triple reuptake inhibitors have been investigated for various potential medical uses<ref>Chen, Z., & Skolnick, P. (2007). Triple uptake inhibitors: therapeutic potential in depression and beyond. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 16(9), 1365-1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.16.9.1365</ref> and FDA approval has been granted for the use of one such compound as an antidepressant,{{citation needed}} and for the use of several others as [[Appetite suppression|anorectics]].{{citation needed}} Other triple reuptake inhibitors see widespread use as [[recreational drug use|recreational drugs]], with [[cocaine]] being a prominent example.
+In the context of [[psychonautics]] and [[recreational drug use]] triple releasing agents are typically associated with the ability to produce [[Euphoria|euphoriant]], [[entactogen]]ic, and [[stimulant|stimulating]] effects in a manner similar to [[MDMA]], [[MDA]], [[4-FA]] and other amphetamine-based compounds, with the entactogenic aspects being the most prominent.
+A closely related type of substance is a '''triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI)''', which also produces an increase in synaptic concentrations of the above-mentioned monoamines, albeit through a different mechanism. Relative to triple releasing agents, triple reuptake inhibitors have a long history been investigated for various potential medical uses<ref>Chen, Z., & Skolnick, P. (2007). Triple uptake inhibitors: therapeutic potential in depression and beyond. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 16(9), 1365-1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.16.9.1365</ref> and FDA approval has been granted for the use of one such compound as an [[antidepressant]],{{citation needed}} and for the use of several others as [[Appetite suppression|anorectics]].{{citation needed}}
+Unlike triple releasing agents, the family of triple reuptake inhibitors used for the purposes of [[recreational drug use]] is extremely limited, with [[cocaine]] being perhaps the only prominent example.{{citation needed}}
 ==Neurotoxicity==
-Many releasing agents, notably many of those derived from [[amphetamine]], have been found to be neurotoxic to [[serotonin]] and/or [[dopamine]] neurons via damage to axons and dendrites, enzymes, mitochondria, DNA, plasmalemmal and vesicular transporters, and the cell membrane, ultimately causing cell death as a result.{{citation needed}}
+Many releasing agents, notably many of those derived from [[amphetamine]], have been found to be neurotoxic to [[serotonin]] and/or [[dopamine]] neurons via damage to axons and dendrites, enzymes, mitochondria, DNA, plasmalemma and vesicular transporters, and the cell membrane, ultimately causing cell death as a result.{{citation needed}}
 The neurotoxicity of some of these drugs is believed to be caused by oxidative stress induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species or free radicals, highly reactive particles that rip apart proteins and induce chain reactions of destruction. The free radicals are thought to be generated as byproducts when either the base compound or one or more of its metabolites are broken down by the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and/or cyclooxygenase (COX). It is thought hyperthermia and concurrent serotonin-dopamine release may also play a major role in augmenting damage.{{citation needed}}