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Modafinil: Difference between revisions
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| ''[[Modafinil/Summary|Summary sheet: Modafinil]]'' | | ''[[Modafinil/Summary|Summary sheet: Modafinil]]'' | ||
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'''Modafinil''' ('''Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil''') is a wakefulness promoting agent (eugeroic) with [[psychoactive class::nootropic]] | '''Modafinil''' (commonly known by the brand names '''Provigil''', ''''Alertec''', Modavigil''', among others) is a wakefulness-promoting agent (eugeroic) with [[psychoactive class::nootropic]] [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] used to enhance cognition, reduce fatigue, and increase alertness. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder, and narcolepsy.<ref>Provigal (Manufacturer's Website) | http://www.provigil.com/</ref> However, studies have shown that modafinil may also be useful off-label for alleviating the symptoms of depression,<ref>Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17729016</ref>, bipolar disorder,<ref> A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671288</ref> Parkinson's disease,<ref>Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940766</ref> seasonal depressive disorder,<ref>PubMed - Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306145</ref> ADHD,<ref>Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280848</ref>and various other diseases which cause fatigue as a symptom. | ||
The substance has also been used as a doping agent by various athletes due to its effects on [[Stimulation|physical stimulation]]. It has recently gained popularity for its use as a [[nootropic|smart drug]] to [[Memory enhancement|improve memory]] and increase productivity. | The substance has also been used as a doping agent by various athletes due to its effects on [[Stimulation|physical stimulation]]. It has recently gained popularity for its use as a [[nootropic|smart drug]] to [[Memory enhancement|improve memory]] and increase productivity. | ||
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===Physical effects=== | ===Physical effects=== | ||
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, modafinil is commonly considered to be stimulating and energetic, but can be considered as much less stimulating when compared to [[amphetamine]]. This stimulation encourages physical movement and activities such as running, playing sports, socializing, and/or exercising. The particular style of stimulation which modafinil presents can result in jaw clenching, teeth grinding, or other involuntary movements comparable to that of traditional stimulants at high doses, but are manifested much less consistently and intensely when compared to [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]]. | *'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, modafinil is commonly considered to be stimulating and energetic, but can be considered as much less stimulating when compared to [[amphetamine]]. This stimulation encourages physical movement and activities such as running, playing sports, socializing, and/or exercising. The particular style of stimulation which modafinil presents can result in jaw clenching, teeth grinding, or other involuntary movements comparable to that of traditional stimulants at high doses, but are manifested much less consistently and intensely when compared to [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with [[amphetamine]]. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' - Dehydration and dry mouth commonly occur due to an increase in motivation to engage in physical activities as well as an increased sense of focus which causes one to forget to drink water. | *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' - Dehydration and dry mouth commonly occur due to an increase in motivation to engage in physical activities as well as an increased sense of focus which causes one to forget to drink water. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Headaches]]''' - In terms of physical discomfort, modafinil can cause headaches especially if dehydrated, if you have not eaten food, or if you have been sitting in an awkward position for an extended period of time focused intensely on a task. | *'''[[Effect::Headaches]]''' - In terms of physical discomfort, modafinil can cause headaches especially if dehydrated, if you have not eaten food, or if you have been sitting in an awkward position for an extended period of time focused intensely on a task. | ||
*'''[[Effect:: | *'''[[Effect::Body odor alteration]]''' - Modafinil can leave a very distinct smell of sulfur in one's urine. This is likely because modafinil, being a member of the sulphinyl benzhydryl chemical class, contains sulfur in its chemical makeup.<ref>Udert, K. M., Larsen, T. A., & Gujer, W. (2006). Fate of major compounds in source-separated urine. Water Science and Technology, 54(11–12), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.921</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Photophobia]]''' - Although uncommon, modafinil can cause a temporary visual intolerance to light. | *'''[[Effect::Photophobia]]''' - Although uncommon, modafinil can cause a temporary visual intolerance to light. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
The long-term safety and effectiveness of modafinil as a drug of regular usage have not been determined.<ref>Pharmacotherapy for excessive daytime sleepiness | http://www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(04)00024-3/abstract</ref> Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried | The long-term safety and effectiveness of modafinil as a drug of regular usage have not been determined.<ref>Pharmacotherapy for excessive daytime sleepiness | http://www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(04)00024-3/abstract</ref> Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried modafinil within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). | ||
It is worth noting, however, that as this compound is a commonly prescribed prescription medication, it is considerably less likely to have adverse health effects than that of a [[research chemical]]. | It is worth noting, however, that as this compound is a commonly prescribed prescription medication, it is considerably less likely to have adverse health effects than that of a [[research chemical]]. | ||
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===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
The chronic use of | The chronic use of modafinil can be considered as [[Addiction potential::not addictive with a low potential for abuse]]. It does not seem to be capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. | ||
Tolerance to many of the effects of | Tolerance to many of the effects of modafinil [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Modafinil may present a cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[benzhydryl]] [[nootropic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of modafinil certain [[nootropic]]s such as [[armodafanil]] and [[adrafanil]] may have a reduced effect. | ||
===Dangerous interactions=== | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||
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*[[Caffeine]] | *[[Caffeine]] | ||
*[[Amphetamine]] | *[[Amphetamine]] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil Modafinil (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/modafinil/ | *[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/modafinil/ Modafinil (Erowid)] | ||
*[http://drugs.tripsit.me/modafinil Modafinil (Tripsit)] | *[http://drugs.tripsit.me/modafinil Modafinil (Tripsit)] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]] | [[Category:Psychoactive substance]] | ||
[[Category:Benzhydryl]] | [[Category:Benzhydryl]] | ||
[[Category:Nootropic]] | [[Category:Nootropic]] | ||
[[Category:Stimulant]] | [[Category:Stimulant]] | ||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | {{#set:Featured=true}} | ||