Lophophora williamsii: Difference between revisions

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'''Lophophora williamsii''', also known as '''peyote''' or '''peyotel''', is a slow growing spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids like [[mescaline]] and [[pellotine]].<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5065448</ref> Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years.<ref>El-Seedi HR, De Smet PA, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn JG (October 2005). "Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas". J Ethnopharmacol.</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

==Etymology==

The word peyote is the Spanish form of the ancient Nahuatlan word '''peyotl'''. Some etymologist suggested that this word is derived from the aztec word "pepeyoni" (means to excite) or "pepeyon" (to activate).<ref>PEYOTE (LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII) AND PLANTS CONFUSED WITH IT by Richard Evans , Harvard University (November 19, 1937) | http://www.jstor.org/stable/41762659</ref> de Molina claimed that it is derived from the Nahuatlan word "peyutl" which means "silk cocoon or caterpillar's cocoon".<ref>Peyote: The Divine Cactus By Edward F. Anderson, Page 160</ref>

==Alkaloids in different Lophophora species==

According to the study by Dr. Štarha,<ref>Grym, Rudolf (1997). Rod/Die Gattung Lophophora. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Roman Staník. ISBN 80-900933-9-6. [The book features an appendix on Lophophora chemistry by Dr Roman Štarha.]</ref> all varieties of peyote contain approximately 0.7 mg of mescaline per gram of living plant. Both Lophophora diffusa and Lophophora fricii are found to be low in mescaline and high in [[pellotine]].

According to the study by Dr. Štarha,<ref>Grym, Rudolf (1997). Rod/Die Gattung Lophophora. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Roman Staník. ISBN 80-900933-9-6. (The book features an appendix on Lophophora chemistry by Dr Roman Štarha.)</ref> all varieties of peyote contain approximately 0.7 mg of mescaline per gram of living plant. Both Lophophora diffusa and Lophophora fricii are found to be low in mescaline and high in [[pellotine]].

{~~| class="wikitable"~~

|-

~~! Alkaloid !! L. williamsii !! L. jourdaniana !! L. diffusa !! L. fricii !! L. koehresii~~

|-

~~| '''Tyramine''' || 0.5 - 1 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 0.1~~

|-

~~| '''Hordenine''' || 5 - 8 || 2 - 9 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 0.4~~

|-

~~| '''Mescaline''' || 15 - 30 || 31 || 1.2 || 1.1 || 1.3~~

|-

~~| '''Pellotine''' || 14 - 17 || 17.8 || 86.2 || 65.2 || 88.4~~

|-

~~| '''Anhalonidine''' || 14 || 20.1 || 3.8 || 25.9 || 3.5~~

|}

==External links==

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*[https://erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote.shtml Peyote (Erowid)]

*[https://erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Peyote.shtml Peyote experiences (Erowid)]

==References==

[[Category:Botany]]

[[Category:Cactus]]

[[Category:Lophophora (genus)]]

~~==References==~~

~~<references />~~

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Warning/PeyoteHarvesting}}
 '''Lophophora williamsii''', also known as '''peyote''' or '''peyotel''', is a slow growing spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids like [[mescaline]] and [[pellotine]].<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5065448</ref> Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years.<ref>El-Seedi HR, De Smet PA, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn JG (October 2005). "Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas". J Ethnopharmacol.</ref>
+==Distribution and habitat==
+==Etymology==
+The word peyote is the Spanish form of the ancient Nahuatlan word '''peyotl'''. Some etymologist suggested that this word is derived from the aztec word "pepeyoni" (means to excite) or "pepeyon" (to activate).<ref>PEYOTE (LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII) AND PLANTS CONFUSED WITH IT by Richard Evans , Harvard University (November 19, 1937) | http://www.jstor.org/stable/41762659</ref> de Molina claimed that it is derived from the Nahuatlan word "peyutl" which means "silk cocoon or caterpillar's cocoon".<ref>Peyote: The Divine Cactus By Edward F. Anderson, Page 160</ref>
 ==Alkaloids in different Lophophora species==
-According to the study by Dr. Štarha,<ref>Grym, Rudolf (1997). Rod/Die Gattung Lophophora. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Roman Staník. ISBN 80-900933-9-6. [The book features an appendix on Lophophora chemistry by Dr Roman Štarha.]</ref> all varieties of peyote contain approximately 0.7 mg of mescaline per gram of living plant. Both Lophophora diffusa and Lophophora fricii are found to be low in mescaline and high in [[pellotine]].
+According to the study by Dr. Štarha,<ref>Grym, Rudolf (1997). Rod/Die Gattung Lophophora. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Roman Staník. ISBN 80-900933-9-6. (The book features an appendix on Lophophora chemistry by Dr Roman Štarha.)</ref> all varieties of peyote contain approximately 0.7 mg of mescaline per gram of living plant. Both Lophophora diffusa and Lophophora fricii are found to be low in mescaline and high in [[pellotine]].
-{| class="wikitable"
+{{Lophophora chart}}
-|-
-! Alkaloid !! L. williamsii !! L. jourdaniana !! L. diffusa !! L. fricii !! L. koehresii
-|-
-| '''Tyramine''' || 0.5 - 1 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 0.1
-|-
-| '''Hordenine''' || 5 - 8 || 2 - 9 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 0.4
-|-
-| '''Mescaline''' || 15 - 30 || 31 || 1.2 || 1.1 || 1.3
-|-
-| '''Pellotine''' || 14 - 17 || 17.8 || 86.2 || 65.2 || 88.4
-|-
-| '''Anhalonidine''' || 14 || 20.1 || 3.8 || 25.9 || 3.5
-|}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 24: / Line 16: @@
 *[https://erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote.shtml Peyote (Erowid)]
 *[https://erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Peyote.shtml Peyote experiences (Erowid)]
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Botany]]
 [[Category:Cactus]]
 [[Category:Lophophora (genus)]]
-==References==
-<references />