Serotonin: Difference between revisions

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A serotonin [[agonist|full agonist]] is a chemical that binds to and activates a serotonin [[receptor]] and triggers a response, displaying full efficacy at that receptor.

A few psychedelic ~~substances~~ are full agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor; among them are [[25I-NBOMe]] and [[Bromo-DragonFLY]].

A few psychedelic drugs are full agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor; among them are [[25I-NBOMe]] and [[Bromo-DragonFLY]].

====Partial agonists====

A serotonin [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]] is a ~~substance~~ that binds to and activates a serotonin receptor, but only has partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist.

A serotonin [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]] is a drug that binds to and activates a serotonin receptor, but only has partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist.

Most classical psychedelic ~~substances~~ are partial agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor; among them are [[LSD]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]. Many antidepressants, anxiolytics/anti-anxiety drugs, and cluster headache medicines are partial serotonin receptor agonists.

Most classical psychedelic drugs are partial agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor; among them are [[LSD]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]. Many antidepressants, anxiolytics/anti-anxiety drugs, and cluster headache medicines are partial serotonin receptor agonists.

====Inverse agonists====

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====Releasing agents====

A serotonin [[Releasing Agent|releasing agent]] is a ~~substance~~ that induces the release of serotonin from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of serotonin.

A serotonin [[Releasing Agent|releasing agent]] is a drug that induces the release of serotonin from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of serotonin.

Many recreational ~~substances~~ are serotonin releasing agents; among them are [[MDMA]], [[MDA]] and [[mephedrone]]. Many analgesics/pain-relievers and appetite suppressants are also serotonin releasing agents.

Many recreational drugs are serotonin releasing agents; among them are [[MDMA]], [[MDA]] and [[mephedrone]]. Many analgesics/pain-relievers and appetite suppressants are also serotonin releasing agents.

====Reuptake inhibitor====

A serotonin [[reuptake inhibitor]] inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin into the pre-synaptic neuron. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors do this by inhibiting the serotonin transporter, or SERT protein.

Many antidepressants such as venlafaxine (Effexor), citalopram (Celexa) and amitriptyline are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Many recreational ~~substances~~ like [[cocaine]] and [[tramadol]] are also serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Many antidepressants such as venlafaxine (Effexor), citalopram (Celexa) and amitriptyline are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Many recreational drugs like [[cocaine]] and [[tramadol]] are also serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

====Antagonists====

A serotonin receptor [[antagonist]] is a type of receptor ~~substance~~ that inhibits action at serotonin receptors.

A serotonin receptor [[antagonist]] is a type of receptor drug that inhibits action at serotonin receptors.

Many [[anti-psychotics]] and anti-emetics are serotonin receptor antagonists. One example is galanolactone, a chemical found in ginger, that acts as an anti-emetic via its action as a 5-HT3 antagonist.

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''Main Article: [[Serotonin Syndrome|Serotonin Syndrome]]''

Extremely high levels of serotonin can cause a condition known as serotonin syndrome that has toxic and potentially fatal effects. Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity, can be induced via overdose of particular drugs, ~~substance~~ interactions, and recreational ~~substance~~ use. Many ~~substance~~ interactions have been found to cause serotonin syndrome, the most notorious of which being the combination of an SSRI antidepressant and an [[MAOI]] antidepressant.

Extremely high levels of serotonin can cause a condition known as serotonin syndrome that has toxic and potentially fatal effects. Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity, can be induced via overdose of particular drugs, drug interactions, and recreational drug use. Many drug interactions have been found to cause serotonin syndrome, the most notorious of which being the combination of an SSRI antidepressant and an [[MAOI]] antidepressant.

Symptoms can start showing within minutes and can include increased heart rate, sweating, anxiety, hyperthermia, shivering, high blood pressure, agitation, seizures, and rarely death. Symptoms usually resolve after 24 hours, but can last up to several months in some cases.

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 A serotonin [[agonist|full agonist]] is a chemical that binds to and activates a serotonin [[receptor]] and triggers a response, displaying full efficacy at that receptor.
-A few psychedelic substances are full agonists of the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor; among them are [[25I-NBOMe]] and [[Bromo-DragonFLY]].
+A few psychedelic drugs are full agonists of the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor; among them are [[25I-NBOMe]] and [[Bromo-DragonFLY]].
 ====Partial agonists====
-A serotonin [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]] is a substance that binds to and activates a serotonin receptor, but only has partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist.
+A serotonin [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]] is a drug that binds to and activates a serotonin receptor, but only has partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist.
-Most classical psychedelic substances are partial agonists of the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor; among them are [[LSD]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]. Many antidepressants, anxiolytics/anti-anxiety drugs, and cluster headache medicines are partial serotonin receptor agonists.
+Most classical psychedelic drugs are partial agonists of the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor; among them are [[LSD]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]. Many antidepressants, anxiolytics/anti-anxiety drugs, and cluster headache medicines are partial serotonin receptor agonists.
 ====Inverse agonists====
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ====Releasing agents====
-A serotonin [[Releasing Agent|releasing agent]] is a substance that induces the release of serotonin from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of serotonin.
+A serotonin [[Releasing Agent|releasing agent]] is a drug that induces the release of serotonin from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of serotonin.
-Many recreational substances are serotonin releasing agents; among them are [[MDMA]], [[MDA]] and [[mephedrone]]. Many analgesics/pain-relievers and appetite suppressants are also serotonin releasing agents.
+Many recreational drugs are serotonin releasing agents; among them are [[MDMA]], [[MDA]] and [[mephedrone]]. Many analgesics/pain-relievers and appetite suppressants are also serotonin releasing agents.
 ====Reuptake inhibitor====
 A serotonin [[reuptake inhibitor]] inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin into the pre-synaptic neuron. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors do this by inhibiting the serotonin transporter, or SERT protein.
-Many antidepressants such as venlafaxine (Effexor), citalopram (Celexa) and amitriptyline are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Many recreational substances like [[cocaine]] and [[tramadol]] are also serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
+Many antidepressants such as venlafaxine (Effexor), citalopram (Celexa) and amitriptyline are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Many recreational drugs like [[cocaine]] and [[tramadol]] are also serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
 ====Antagonists====
-A serotonin receptor [[antagonist]] is a type of receptor substance that inhibits action at serotonin receptors.
+A serotonin receptor [[antagonist]] is a type of receptor drug that inhibits action at serotonin receptors.
 Many [[anti-psychotics]] and anti-emetics are serotonin receptor antagonists. One example is galanolactone, a chemical found in ginger, that acts as an anti-emetic via its action as a 5-HT<sub>3</sub> antagonist.
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 ''Main Article: [[Serotonin Syndrome|Serotonin Syndrome]]''
-Extremely high levels of serotonin can cause a condition known as serotonin syndrome that has toxic and potentially fatal effects. Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity, can be induced via overdose of particular drugs, substance interactions, and recreational substance use. Many substance interactions have been found to cause serotonin syndrome, the most notorious of which being the combination of an SSRI antidepressant and an [[MAOI]] antidepressant.
+Extremely high levels of serotonin can cause a condition known as serotonin syndrome that has toxic and potentially fatal effects. Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity, can be induced via overdose of particular drugs, drug interactions, and recreational drug use. Many drug interactions have been found to cause serotonin syndrome, the most notorious of which being the combination of an SSRI antidepressant and an [[MAOI]] antidepressant.
 Symptoms can start showing within minutes and can include increased heart rate, sweating, anxiety, hyperthermia, shivering, high blood pressure, agitation, seizures, and rarely death. Symptoms usually resolve after 24 hours, but can last up to several months in some cases.