Rate-Limiting Step: Difference between revisions

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In chemistry, many catalytic reactions have a '''rate-limiting step'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-determining_step</ref> The catalyst is necessary for the reaction to happen, and if there are no spare catalysts, the process has achieved maximum efficiency, whereby adding more of the chemical to be converted does not speed up proceedings or increase total concentrations of the end result.

In ~~substance~~ chemistry, this is often an enzyme involved in the metabolism of a drug. Once there are no more free catalysts available, the reaction has reached its maximum speed. This is especially relevant for [[prodrug|prodrugs]], which are inert when ingested, but metabolized into an active form. If the enzymes required to transform the ~~substance~~ into the (more) active form are satiated, the production of active substance can go no faster. This leads to a slower buildup of active substance, and can occasion a '''ceiling effect''' where adding more ~~substances~~ does not get the user any higher, although it may prolong the experience and exacerbate side effects.{{citation needed}}

In drug chemistry, this is often an enzyme involved in the metabolism of a drug. Once there are no more free catalysts available, the reaction has reached its maximum speed. This is especially relevant for [[prodrug|prodrugs]], which are inert when ingested, but metabolized into an active form. If the enzymes required to transform the drug into the (more) active form are satiated, the production of active substance can go no faster. This leads to a slower buildup of active substance, and can occasion a '''ceiling effect''' where adding more drugs does not get the user any higher, although it may prolong the experience and exacerbate side effects.{{citation needed}}

=Prodrugs affected by rate-limiting steps=

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===[[Psilocybin]]===

Psilocybin is a prodrug for psilocin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms. The conversion from psilocybin to psilocin takes place in the stomach, which can delay the onset of the trip. Some people [[Lemon tek|soak the mushrooms in lemon juice]] prior to ingestion. This "lemon tek" is supposed to kickstart the conversion from psilocybin to psilocin and thus facilitate a faster comeup. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that lemon juice is not sufficient to catalyze this reaction, and so the [[Lemon tek]] appears to be an urban ~~substance~~ myth.

Psilocybin is a prodrug for psilocin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms. The conversion from psilocybin to psilocin takes place in the stomach, which can delay the onset of the trip. Some people [[Lemon tek|soak the mushrooms in lemon juice]] prior to ingestion. This "lemon tek" is supposed to kickstart the conversion from psilocybin to psilocin and thus facilitate a faster comeup. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that lemon juice is not sufficient to catalyze this reaction, and so the [[Lemon tek]] appears to be an urban drug myth.

==Alcohol Metabolism==

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 In chemistry, many catalytic reactions have a '''rate-limiting step'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-determining_step</ref> The catalyst is necessary for the reaction to happen, and if there are no spare catalysts, the process has achieved maximum efficiency, whereby adding more of the chemical to be converted does not speed up proceedings or increase total concentrations of the end result.
-In substance chemistry, this is often an enzyme involved in the metabolism of a drug. Once there are no more free catalysts available, the reaction has reached its maximum speed. This is especially relevant for [[prodrug|prodrugs]], which are inert when ingested, but metabolized into an active form. If the enzymes required to transform the substance into the (more) active form are satiated, the production of active substance can go no faster. This leads to a slower buildup of active substance, and can occasion a '''ceiling effect''' where adding more substances does not get the user any higher, although it may prolong the experience and exacerbate side effects.{{citation needed}}
+In drug chemistry, this is often an enzyme involved in the metabolism of a drug. Once there are no more free catalysts available, the reaction has reached its maximum speed. This is especially relevant for [[prodrug|prodrugs]], which are inert when ingested, but metabolized into an active form. If the enzymes required to transform the drug into the (more) active form are satiated, the production of active substance can go no faster. This leads to a slower buildup of active substance, and can occasion a '''ceiling effect''' where adding more drugs does not get the user any higher, although it may prolong the experience and exacerbate side effects.{{citation needed}}
 =Prodrugs affected by rate-limiting steps=
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 ===[[Psilocybin]]===
-Psilocybin is a prodrug for psilocin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms. The conversion from psilocybin to psilocin takes place in the stomach, which can delay the onset of the trip. Some people [[Lemon tek|soak the mushrooms in lemon juice]] prior to ingestion. This "lemon tek" is supposed to kickstart the conversion from psilocybin to psilocin and thus facilitate a faster comeup. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that lemon juice is not sufficient to catalyze this reaction, and so the [[Lemon tek]] appears to be an urban substance myth.
+Psilocybin is a prodrug for psilocin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms. The conversion from psilocybin to psilocin takes place in the stomach, which can delay the onset of the trip. Some people [[Lemon tek|soak the mushrooms in lemon juice]] prior to ingestion. This "lemon tek" is supposed to kickstart the conversion from psilocybin to psilocin and thus facilitate a faster comeup. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that lemon juice is not sufficient to catalyze this reaction, and so the [[Lemon tek]] appears to be an urban drug myth.
 ==Alcohol Metabolism==