Releasing agent: Difference between revisions

Line 1:

A '''releasing agent''' is a substance that induces the transfer of a [[neurotransmitter]] from the presynaptic [[neurone]] into the synapse, leading to elevated extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter, therefore resulting increased neurotransmission. Many ~~drugs~~ use neurotransmitter release to exert their psychological and physiological effects, including [[amphetamines]], [[cathinones]], and [[tryptamines]]. Virtually all currently known releasing agents affect the monoamine neurotransmitters [[serotonin]], [[noradrenaline]], and/or [[dopamine]], and as such, they are often referred to more formally as monoamine releasing agents (MRAs). MRAs, like [[agonists]], may be selective for a particular neurotransmitter or non-selective and affect multiple neurotransmitters.

A '''releasing agent''' is a substance that induces the transfer of a [[neurotransmitter]] from the presynaptic [[neurone]] into the synapse, leading to elevated extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter, therefore resulting increased neurotransmission. Many substances use neurotransmitter release to exert their psychological and physiological effects, including [[amphetamines]], [[cathinones]], and [[tryptamines]]. Virtually all currently known releasing agents affect the monoamine neurotransmitters [[serotonin]], [[noradrenaline]], and/or [[dopamine]], and as such, they are often referred to more formally as monoamine releasing agents (MRAs). MRAs, like [[agonists]], may be selective for a particular neurotransmitter or non-selective and affect multiple neurotransmitters.

==Mechanism of Action==

Line 10:

==Neurotoxicity==

Many releasing agents, notably many of those derived from [[amphetamine]], have been found to be neurotoxic to [[serotonin]] and/or [[dopamine]] neurons via damage to axons and dendrites, enzymes, mitochondria, DNA, plasmalemmal and vesicular transporters, and the cell membrane, ultimately causing cell death as a result.

The neurotoxicity of some of these ~~drugs~~ is believed to be caused by oxidative stress induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species or free radicals, highly reactive particles that rip apart proteins and induce chain reactions of destruction. The free radicals are thought to be generated as byproducts when either the base compound or one or more of its metabolites are broken down by the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and/or cyclooxygenase (COX). It is thought hyperthermia and concurrent serotonin-dopamine release may also play a major role in augmenting damage.

The neurotoxicity of some of these substances is believed to be caused by oxidative stress induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species or free radicals, highly reactive particles that rip apart proteins and induce chain reactions of destruction. The free radicals are thought to be generated as byproducts when either the base compound or one or more of its metabolites are broken down by the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and/or cyclooxygenase (COX). It is thought hyperthermia and concurrent serotonin-dopamine release may also play a major role in augmenting damage.

==See also==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-A '''releasing agent''' is a substance that induces the transfer of a [[neurotransmitter]] from the presynaptic [[neurone]] into the synapse, leading to elevated extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter, therefore resulting increased neurotransmission.  Many drugs use neurotransmitter release to exert their psychological and physiological effects, including [[amphetamines]], [[cathinones]], and [[tryptamines]]. Virtually all currently known releasing agents affect the monoamine neurotransmitters [[serotonin]], [[noradrenaline]], and/or [[dopamine]], and as such, they are often referred to more formally as monoamine releasing agents (MRAs). MRAs, like [[agonists]], may be selective for a particular neurotransmitter or non-selective and affect multiple neurotransmitters.
+A '''releasing agent''' is a substance that induces the transfer of a [[neurotransmitter]] from the presynaptic [[neurone]] into the synapse, leading to elevated extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter, therefore resulting increased neurotransmission.  Many substances use neurotransmitter release to exert their psychological and physiological effects, including [[amphetamines]], [[cathinones]], and [[tryptamines]]. Virtually all currently known releasing agents affect the monoamine neurotransmitters [[serotonin]], [[noradrenaline]], and/or [[dopamine]], and as such, they are often referred to more formally as monoamine releasing agents (MRAs). MRAs, like [[agonists]], may be selective for a particular neurotransmitter or non-selective and affect multiple neurotransmitters.
 ==Mechanism of Action==
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ==Neurotoxicity==
 Many releasing agents, notably many of those derived from [[amphetamine]], have been found to be neurotoxic to [[serotonin]] and/or [[dopamine]] neurons via damage to axons and dendrites, enzymes, mitochondria, DNA, plasmalemmal and vesicular transporters, and the cell membrane, ultimately causing cell death as a result.
-The neurotoxicity of some of these drugs is believed to be caused by oxidative stress induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species or free radicals, highly reactive particles that rip apart proteins and induce chain reactions of destruction. The free radicals are thought to be generated as byproducts when either the base compound or one or more of its metabolites are broken down by the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and/or cyclooxygenase (COX). It is thought hyperthermia and concurrent serotonin-dopamine release may also play a major role in augmenting damage.
+The neurotoxicity of some of these substances is believed to be caused by oxidative stress induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species or free radicals, highly reactive particles that rip apart proteins and induce chain reactions of destruction. The free radicals are thought to be generated as byproducts when either the base compound or one or more of its metabolites are broken down by the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and/or cyclooxygenase (COX). It is thought hyperthermia and concurrent serotonin-dopamine release may also play a major role in augmenting damage.
 ==See also==