Zolpidem: Difference between revisions

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|}'''Zolpidem '''(brand names '''Ambien''', '''Intermezzo''', '''Edluar''', and '''Zolpimist'''<ref name=":0">http://www.drugs.com/zolpidem.html | Zolpidem (Drugs.com)</ref>) is a non-[[benzodiazepine]] [[psychoactive class::hypnotic]] which is primarily used in the treatment of [[insomnia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462249</ref> It can become a powerfully and notoriously bizarre atypical [[hallucinogen]] with subjective properties comparable to that of [[psychoactive class::dissociative]]s, [[psychoactive class::deliriant]]s and [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]]s when this compound is taken at doses which far exceed the prescribed nightly dose.

Zolpidem is known colloquially as a "Z-drug." Other Z-drugs include [[zaleplon]] (Sonata) and [[zopiclone]]. These ~~drugs~~ were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines; however, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. Zolpidem is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the substance is not usually advised.

Zolpidem is known colloquially as a "Z-drug." Other Z-drugs include [[zaleplon]] (Sonata) and [[zopiclone]]. These substances were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines; however, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. Zolpidem is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the substance is not usually advised.

==Chemistry==

Zopidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine substance of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of ~~drugs~~ is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group. GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.

Zopidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine substance of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of substances is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group. GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.

==Pharmacology==

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===Dangerous interactions===

Although many ~~drugs~~ are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

Although many substances are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]], [[benzodiazepines]]'')- This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |}'''Zolpidem '''(brand names '''Ambien''', '''Intermezzo''', '''Edluar''', and '''Zolpimist'''<ref name=":0">http://www.drugs.com/zolpidem.html | Zolpidem (Drugs.com)</ref>) is a non-[[benzodiazepine]] [[psychoactive class::hypnotic]] which is primarily used in the treatment of [[insomnia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462249</ref> It can become a powerfully and notoriously bizarre atypical [[hallucinogen]] with subjective properties comparable to that of [[psychoactive class::dissociative]]s, [[psychoactive class::deliriant]]s and [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]]s when this compound is taken at doses which far exceed the prescribed nightly dose.
-Zolpidem is known colloquially as a "Z-drug." Other Z-drugs include [[zaleplon]] (Sonata) and [[zopiclone]]. These drugs were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines; however, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. Zolpidem is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the substance is not usually advised.
+Zolpidem is known colloquially as a "Z-drug." Other Z-drugs include [[zaleplon]] (Sonata) and [[zopiclone]]. These substances were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines; however, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. Zolpidem is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the substance is not usually advised.
 ==Chemistry==
-Zopidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine substance of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of drugs is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group. GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.
+Zopidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine substance of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of substances is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group. GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.
 ==Pharmacology==
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 ===Dangerous interactions===
-Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
+Although many substances are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
 *'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]], [[benzodiazepines]]'')- This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
 *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.