Zolpidem: Difference between revisions

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|}'''Zolpidem '''(brand names '''Ambien''', '''Intermezzo''', '''Edluar''', and '''Zolpimist'''<ref name=":0">http://www.drugs.com/zolpidem.html | Zolpidem (Drugs.com)</ref>) is a non-[[benzodiazepine]] [[psychoactive class::hypnotic]] which is primarily used in the treatment of [[insomnia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462249</ref> It can become a powerfully and notoriously bizarre atypical [[hallucinogen]] with subjective properties comparable to that of [[psychoactive class::dissociative]]s, [[psychoactive class::deliriant]]s and [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]]s when this compound is taken at doses which far exceed the prescribed nightly dose.

Zolpidem is known colloquially as a "Z-drug." Other Z-drugs include [[zaleplon]] (Sonata) and [[zopiclone]]. These drugs were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines; however, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. Zolpidem is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the ~~drug~~ is not usually advised.

Zolpidem is known colloquially as a "Z-drug." Other Z-drugs include [[zaleplon]] (Sonata) and [[zopiclone]]. These drugs were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines; however, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. Zolpidem is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the substance is not usually advised.

==Chemistry==

Zopidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine ~~drug~~ of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of drugs is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group. GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.

Zopidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine substance of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of drugs is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group. GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.

==Pharmacology==

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Zolpidem has been reported to cause [[psychosis]], [[delusions]] and delirium at a significantly higher rate than other [[hallucinogens]] like [[LSD]], [[ketamine]], or [[DMT]]. There are a large number of experience reports online which describe states of delirium, amnesia, bizarre behavior,<ref>/r/ambien (reddit) | https://www.reddit.com/r/ambien/top/</ref> sleep walking,<ref>Zolpidem-Induced Sleepwalking, Sleep Related Eating Disorder, and Sleep-Driving: Fluorine-18-Flourodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Analysis, and a Literature Review of Other Unexpected Clinical Effects of Zolpidem (NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762721/</ref> driving while impaired<ref>Zolpidem-Induced Sleepwalking, Sleep Related Eating Disorder, and Sleep-Driving: Fluorine-18-Flourodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Analysis, and a Literature Review of Other Unexpected Clinical Effects of Zolpidem (NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762721/</ref><ref>http://www.nhcriminaldefense.com/auto_accident_injury.html</ref> and other serious consequences after abusing the drug. In many cases this has resulted in hospitalization, arrests,<ref>Passengers recount horror as Air Force vet threatens to bring down transatlantic Delta flight (ny daily news) | http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/passengers-recount-horror-air-force-vet-threatens-bring-transatlantic-delta-flight-article-1.169677</ref> car crashes,<ref>Kerry Kennedy Says Ambien 'Overtook' Her, Causing Car Crash (ABC NEWS) | http://abcnews.go.com/US/kerry-kennedy-ambien-overtook-causing-car-crash/story?id=22679672</ref> lengthy court cases and even death.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/15/ambien-side-effect-sleepwalking-sleep-aid_n_4589743.html</ref>

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible ~~drug~~ use|harm reduction practices]] and have a [[trip sitter]] when using this drug.

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible substance use|harm reduction practices]] and have a [[trip sitter]] when using this drug.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===

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==Legal issues==

*'''United States:''' Zolpidem is a Schedule IV ~~drug~~ due to evidence that the ~~drug~~ has addictive properties similar to [[benzodiazepine]]s.

*'''United States:''' Zolpidem is a Schedule IV substance due to evidence that the substance has addictive properties similar to [[benzodiazepine]]s.

*'''United Kingdom:''' The ~~drug~~ is prescription only.

*'''United Kingdom:''' The substance is prescription only.

*'''Australia:''' Zopiclone is prescription only.

*'''Germany:''' This ~~drug~~ is prescription only.

*'''Germany:''' This substance is prescription only.

==See also==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |}'''Zolpidem '''(brand names '''Ambien''', '''Intermezzo''', '''Edluar''', and '''Zolpimist'''<ref name=":0">http://www.drugs.com/zolpidem.html | Zolpidem (Drugs.com)</ref>) is a non-[[benzodiazepine]] [[psychoactive class::hypnotic]] which is primarily used in the treatment of [[insomnia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462249</ref> It can become a powerfully and notoriously bizarre atypical [[hallucinogen]] with subjective properties comparable to that of [[psychoactive class::dissociative]]s, [[psychoactive class::deliriant]]s and [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]]s when this compound is taken at doses which far exceed the prescribed nightly dose.
-Zolpidem is known colloquially as a "Z-drug." Other Z-drugs include [[zaleplon]] (Sonata) and [[zopiclone]]. These drugs were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines; however, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. Zolpidem is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the drug is not usually advised.
+Zolpidem is known colloquially as a "Z-drug." Other Z-drugs include [[zaleplon]] (Sonata) and [[zopiclone]]. These drugs were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines; however, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. Zolpidem is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the substance is not usually advised.
 ==Chemistry==
-Zopidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine drug of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of drugs is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group. GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.
+Zopidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine substance of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of drugs is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group. GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.
 ==Pharmacology==
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 Zolpidem has been reported to cause [[psychosis]], [[delusions]] and delirium at a significantly higher rate than other [[hallucinogens]] like [[LSD]], [[ketamine]], or [[DMT]]. There are a large number of experience reports online which describe states of delirium, amnesia, bizarre behavior,<ref>/r/ambien (reddit) | https://www.reddit.com/r/ambien/top/</ref> sleep walking,<ref>Zolpidem-Induced Sleepwalking, Sleep Related Eating Disorder, and Sleep-Driving: Fluorine-18-Flourodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Analysis, and a Literature Review of Other Unexpected Clinical Effects of Zolpidem (NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762721/</ref> driving while impaired<ref>Zolpidem-Induced Sleepwalking, Sleep Related Eating Disorder, and Sleep-Driving: Fluorine-18-Flourodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Analysis, and a Literature Review of Other Unexpected Clinical Effects of Zolpidem (NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762721/</ref><ref>http://www.nhcriminaldefense.com/auto_accident_injury.html</ref> and other serious consequences after abusing the drug. In many cases this has resulted in hospitalization, arrests,<ref>Passengers recount horror as Air Force vet threatens to bring down transatlantic Delta flight (ny daily news) | http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/passengers-recount-horror-air-force-vet-threatens-bring-transatlantic-delta-flight-article-1.169677</ref> car crashes,<ref>Kerry Kennedy Says Ambien 'Overtook' Her, Causing Car Crash (ABC NEWS) | http://abcnews.go.com/US/kerry-kennedy-ambien-overtook-causing-car-crash/story?id=22679672</ref> lengthy court cases and even death.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/15/ambien-side-effect-sleepwalking-sleep-aid_n_4589743.html</ref>
-It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] and have a [[trip sitter]] when using this drug.
+It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible substance use|harm reduction practices]] and have a [[trip sitter]] when using this drug.
 ===Tolerance and addiction potential===
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 ==Legal issues==
-*'''United States:''' Zolpidem is a Schedule IV drug due to evidence that the drug has addictive properties similar to [[benzodiazepine]]s.
+*'''United States:''' Zolpidem is a Schedule IV substance due to evidence that the substance has addictive properties similar to [[benzodiazepine]]s.
-*'''United Kingdom:''' The drug is prescription only.
+*'''United Kingdom:''' The substance is prescription only.
 *'''Australia:''' Zopiclone is prescription only.
-*'''Germany:''' This drug is prescription only.
+*'''Germany:''' This substance is prescription only.
 ==See also==