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| {| class="wikitable" align="right"
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;width:200px;font-size:10pt" | Modafinil
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:7pt" | [[Image:Modafinil.gif|noframe|150px]]<br /><br />Modafinil's 3D molecular structure.
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| | colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;text-align:center;font-size:9pt" | '''Dosage (oral)'''
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Threshold || style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Light || style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Common || style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Strong || style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Heavy || style="font-size:9pt" | 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;text-align:center;font-size:9pt" | '''Dosage (insufflated)'''
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Threshold || style="font-size:9pt" |0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Light || style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Common || style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Strong || style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Heavy || style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0<sub>mg</sub>
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| | colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;text-align:center;font-size:9pt" | '''Duration (oral)'''
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Onset|| style="font-size:9pt" | 20 - 60 minutes
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Come up|| style="font-size:9pt" | 20 - 90 minutes
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Peak|| style="font-size:9pt" | 5 - 10 hours
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Come down|| style="font-size:9pt" | 1 - 3 hours
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | After effects|| style="font-size:9pt" | 2 - 8 hours
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| | colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;text-align:center;font-size:9pt" | '''Duration (insufflated)'''
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Onset|| style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0 minutes
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Come up|| style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0 minutes
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Peak|| style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0 hours
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | Come down|| style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0 hours
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| | style="font-size:9pt" | After effects|| style="font-size:9pt" | 0 - 0 hours
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| |}
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| '''Modafinil''' ('''Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil''') is a wakefulness promoting agent (eugeroic) used to enhance cognition, reduce fatigue, and increase alertness. It is approved by the United States' Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder, and narcolepsy. <ref>Provigal (Manufacturer's Website) | http://www.provigil.com/</ref> However, studies have shown that Modafinil may also be useful off-label for alleviating the symptoms of Depression, <ref>Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17729016</ref>, Bipolar Disorder, <ref> A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671288</ref> Parkinson's Disease, <ref>Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940766</ref> Seasonal Depressive Disorder, <ref>PubMed - Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306145</ref> ADHD, <ref>Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280848</ref>and various other diseases which cause fatigue as a symptom. The substance has also been used as a doping agent by various athletes due to its effects on physical stimulation. It has recently gained popularity for its use as a smart drug to improve memory and increase productivity.
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| ==Chemistry==
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| ==Pharmacology==
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| Research suggests that Modafinil increases hypothalamic histamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its locomotor effects. <ref>European Journal of Pharmacology - Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429990701031X</ref> Modafinil has recently been shown to act as an uptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitter [[dopamine]], evidently leading to increased extraceullular concentrations of dopamine and dopaminergic neurotransmission. <ref>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics - Evidence for the Involvement of Dopamine Transporters in Behavioral Stimulant Effects of Modafinil | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672878</ref>
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| ==Subjective effects==
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| ===Physical Effects===
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| The physical effects of Modafinil can be broken down into # components. These are described below and generally include:
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| *'''[[Physical effects: Stimulation|Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, Modafinil is commonly considered to be stimulating and energetic, but can be considered less stimulating when compared to [[amphetamine]]. This stimulation encourages physical movement and activities such as running, playing sports, socializing, and/or exercising. The particular style of stimulation which Modafinil presents can result in jaw clenching, teeth grinding, or other involuntary movements comparable to that of traditional stimulants, but are manifested much less consistently and intensely when compared to [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]].
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| *'''[[Physical effects: Dehydration|Dehydration]]''' - Dehydration and dry mouth commonly occur due to an increase in motivation to engage in physical activities as well as an increased sense of focus which causes one to forget to drink water.
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| *'''[[Physical effects: Headaches|Headaches]]''' - In terms of physical discomfort, Modafinil can cause headaches, especially if dehydrated or if you have been sitting in an awkward position for an extended period of time focused intensely on a task.
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| *'''[[Physical effects: Photophobia|Photophobia]]''' - Although uncommon, Modafinil can cause a temporary visual intolerance to light.
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| *'''[[Physical_effects:_Dizziness|Dizziness]]'''
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| *'''[[Physical effects: Nausea|Nausea]]'''
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| *'''[[Physical effects: Appetite suppression|Appetite suppression]]''' - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which can be either less intense or identical in strength to the appetite suppression experienced with [[amphetamine]].
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| ===Cognitive Effects===
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| *'''[[Cognitive effects: Increased focus|Increased Focus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cognitive effects: Enhancement of memory|Enhancement of memory]]'''
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| *'''[[Cognitive effects: Increased motivation|Increased motivation]]'''
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| *'''[[Cognitive effects: Euphoria|Euphoria]]'''
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| *'''[[Cognitive effects: Anxiety|Anxiety]]'''
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| ==Toxicity and Harm Potential==
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| ===Lethal Dosage===
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| The median lethal dose at which 50% of participants die (LD50) from Modafinil for human beings has never been reached. No life-threatening effects have taken place in clinical trials involving the administration of 1000mg to 1600mg of Modafinil per day for 7 to 21 consecutive days. Intentional acute overdoses of 4500mg and 4000mg in two adult subjects and an accidental injestion of 800mg by a three-year-old child did not result in any life-threatening effects or death. <ref>The National Library of Medicine - PROVIGIL | http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=fd75a8a7-a8ab-4141-9af9-989a220b9c19</ref> After overdosing on 5000mg of Modafinil in a suicide attempt, a fifteen-year-old female reported a severe [[Physical effects: Headaches|headache]], [[Physical effects: Nausea|nausea]], and [[Physical effects: Abnormal heartbeat|tachycardia]], but did not appear to have any lethan or long-term effects. <ref>Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine - Unsuccessful Suicide Attempt of a 15 Year Old Adolescent with Ingestion of 5000 mg Modafinilhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725258</ref>
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| ===Tolerance and Addiction Potential===
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| ==Legal Issues==
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| Modafinil is legally approved for medical purposes worldwide. However, it is illegal to sell and possess in most countries without a prescription.
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| *'''United States:''' In the United States, Modafinil is a Schedule IV controlled substance. It is illegal to buy, sell, or possess the drug without a prescription or DEA license. <ref>Placement of Modafinil Into Schedule IV - U.S. Department of Justice | http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/1999/fr0127.htm</ref>
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| *'''Canada:''' Modafinil is listed as a Schedule F prescription drug in Canada and it can be prescribed for human and veterinary use. <ref>National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities - Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (1184 — Modafinil) | http://napra.ca/Content_Files/Files/FDR-Project1184-Modafinil-Oct122006.pdf</ref>
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| ===See Also===
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| *[[Nootropics]]
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| *[[Stimulants]]
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| *[[Armodafinil]]
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| *[[Caffeine]]
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| *[[Amphetamine]]
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| ===References===
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| <references />
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