Sleep-wake cycle: Difference between revisions

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*Lack of Adenosine activating the (A(2A)R) receptor is sufficient to have decreased GABA release in the tuberomammillary nucleus enough to have enabled histamine wake one up and cause vigilance.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15748171 | An adenosine A receptor agonist induces sleep by increasing GABA release in the tuberomammillary nucleus to inhibit histaminergic systems in rats.</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016451/ | HISTAMINE IN THE REGULATION OF WAKEFULNESS</ref>

*Exposure to blue light frequencies mainly between 460 and 480nm<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487664 | Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor.</ref> trigger [[melanopsin]] cells in the eyes to send a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html | ~~http://www~~.~~nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html~~</ref> which sends [[GABA]] to the [[pineal gland]], inhibiting it from releasing melatonin thereby causing levels to decline.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241849993_GABA_release_from_SCN_terminals_is_necessary_for_the_light-induced_inhibition_of_nocturnal_melatonin_release_in_the_rat | GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat</ref>

*Exposure to blue light frequencies mainly between 460 and 480nm<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487664 | Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor.</ref> trigger [[melanopsin]] cells in the eyes to send a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html | How light regulates the molecular clockwork in SCN neurons.</ref> which sends [[GABA]] to the [[pineal gland]], inhibiting it from releasing melatonin thereby causing levels to decline.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241849993_GABA_release_from_SCN_terminals_is_necessary_for_the_light-induced_inhibition_of_nocturnal_melatonin_release_in_the_rat | GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat</ref>

*Ghrelin has built up since the food eaten before sleep has been digested and the stomach is empty, this induces hunger thereby causing one to eat.<ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51738 | ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide [ Homo sapiens (human) ]</ref>

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===Approaching night===

*The decreasing of the light levels which were activating melanopsin cells ~~gradually~~ shut off the signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, stopping GABA from being sent to the pineal gland allow melatonin to be released

*The decreasing of the light levels which were activating melanopsin cells begins to shut off the signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus,<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html | How light regulates the molecular clockwork in SCN neurons.</ref> stopping GABA from being sent to the pineal gland allow melatonin to be released<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241849993_GABA_release_from_SCN_terminals_is_necessary_for_the_light-induced_inhibition_of_nocturnal_melatonin_release_in_the_rat | GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat</ref>

*In the presence of insulin melatonin causes upregulation of leptin allowing one to fast while they sleep<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572654 | Melatonin enhances leptin expression by rat adipocytes in the presence of insulin.</ref> (If one has been fasting before sleep insulin levels will be low causing melatonin to downregulate leptin instead of upregulating it, thus encouraging one to eat before they sleep)

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 *Lack of Adenosine activating the (A(2A)R) receptor is sufficient to have decreased GABA release in the tuberomammillary nucleus enough to have enabled histamine wake one up and cause vigilance.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15748171 | An adenosine A receptor agonist induces sleep by increasing GABA release in the tuberomammillary nucleus to inhibit histaminergic systems in rats.</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016451/ | HISTAMINE IN THE REGULATION OF WAKEFULNESS</ref>
-*Exposure to blue light frequencies mainly between 460 and 480nm<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487664 | Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor.</ref> trigger [[melanopsin]] cells in the eyes to send a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html | http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html</ref> which sends [[GABA]] to the [[pineal gland]], inhibiting it from releasing melatonin thereby causing levels to decline.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241849993_GABA_release_from_SCN_terminals_is_necessary_for_the_light-induced_inhibition_of_nocturnal_melatonin_release_in_the_rat | GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat</ref>
+*Exposure to blue light frequencies mainly between 460 and 480nm<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487664 | Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor.</ref> trigger [[melanopsin]] cells in the eyes to send a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html | How light regulates the molecular clockwork in SCN neurons.</ref> which sends [[GABA]] to the [[pineal gland]], inhibiting it from releasing melatonin thereby causing levels to decline.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241849993_GABA_release_from_SCN_terminals_is_necessary_for_the_light-induced_inhibition_of_nocturnal_melatonin_release_in_the_rat | GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat</ref>
 *Ghrelin has built up since the food eaten before sleep has been digested and the stomach is empty, this induces hunger thereby causing one to eat.<ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51738 | ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide [ Homo sapiens (human) ]</ref>
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ===Approaching night===
-*The decreasing of the light levels which were activating melanopsin cells gradually shut off the signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, stopping GABA from being sent to the pineal gland allow melatonin to be released
+*The decreasing of the light levels which were activating melanopsin cells begins to shut off the signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus,<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html | How light regulates the molecular clockwork in SCN neurons.</ref> stopping GABA from being sent to the pineal gland allow melatonin to be released<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241849993_GABA_release_from_SCN_terminals_is_necessary_for_the_light-induced_inhibition_of_nocturnal_melatonin_release_in_the_rat | GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat</ref>
 *In the presence of insulin melatonin causes upregulation of leptin allowing one to fast while they sleep<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572654 | Melatonin enhances leptin expression by rat adipocytes in the presence of insulin.</ref> (If one has been fasting before sleep insulin levels will be low causing melatonin to downregulate leptin instead of upregulating it, thus encouraging one to eat before they sleep)