Sleep-wake cycle: Difference between revisions

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*Lack of Adenosine activating the (A(2A)R) receptor is sufficient to have decreased GABA release in the tuberomammillary nucleus enough to have enabled histamine wake one up and cause vigilance.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15748171 | An adenosine A receptor agonist induces sleep by increasing GABA release in the tuberomammillary nucleus to inhibit histaminergic systems in rats.</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016451/ | HISTAMINE IN THE REGULATION OF WAKEFULNESS</ref>

*Exposure to blue light frequencies mainly between 460 and 480nm trigger [[melanopsin]] cells in the eyes to send a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which sends [[GABA]] to the [[pineal gland]], inhibiting it from releasing melatonin thereby causing levels to decline.

*Exposure to blue light frequencies mainly between 460 and 480nm<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487664 | Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor.</ref> trigger [[melanopsin]] cells in the eyes to send a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html | http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html</ref> which sends [[GABA]] to the [[pineal gland]], inhibiting it from releasing melatonin thereby causing levels to decline.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241849993_GABA_release_from_SCN_terminals_is_necessary_for_the_light-induced_inhibition_of_nocturnal_melatonin_release_in_the_rat | GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat</ref>

*Ghrelin has built up since the food eaten before sleep has been digested and the stomach is empty, this induces hunger thereby causing one to eat.<ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51738 | ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide [ Homo sapiens (human) ]</ref>

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 *Lack of Adenosine activating the (A(2A)R) receptor is sufficient to have decreased GABA release in the tuberomammillary nucleus enough to have enabled histamine wake one up and cause vigilance.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15748171 | An adenosine A receptor agonist induces sleep by increasing GABA release in the tuberomammillary nucleus to inhibit histaminergic systems in rats.</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016451/ | HISTAMINE IN THE REGULATION OF WAKEFULNESS</ref>
-*Exposure to blue light frequencies mainly between 460 and 480nm trigger [[melanopsin]] cells in the eyes to send a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which sends [[GABA]] to the [[pineal gland]], inhibiting it from releasing melatonin thereby causing levels to decline.
+*Exposure to blue light frequencies mainly between 460 and 480nm<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487664 | Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor.</ref> trigger [[melanopsin]] cells in the eyes to send a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html | http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v12/n10/fig_tab/nrn3086_F2.html</ref> which sends [[GABA]] to the [[pineal gland]], inhibiting it from releasing melatonin thereby causing levels to decline.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241849993_GABA_release_from_SCN_terminals_is_necessary_for_the_light-induced_inhibition_of_nocturnal_melatonin_release_in_the_rat | GABA release from SCN terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat</ref>
 *Ghrelin has built up since the food eaten before sleep has been digested and the stomach is empty, this induces hunger thereby causing one to eat.<ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51738 | ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide [ Homo sapiens (human) ]</ref>