Modafinil: Difference between revisions

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| ''[[Modafinil/Summary|Summary sheet: Modafinil]]''

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'''Modafinil''' ('''Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil''') is a wakefulness promoting agent (eugeroic) with [[psychoactive class::nootropic]] effects used to enhance cognition, reduce fatigue, and increase alertness. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder, and narcolepsy.<ref>Provigal (Manufacturer's Website) | http://www.provigil.com/</ref> However, studies have shown that modafinil may also be useful off-label for alleviating the symptoms of depression,<ref>Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17729016</ref>, bipolar disorder,<ref> A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671288</ref> Parkinson's disease,<ref>Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940766</ref> seasonal depressive disorder,<ref>PubMed - Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306145</ref> ADHD,<ref>Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280848</ref>and various other diseases which cause fatigue as a symptom.

'''Modafinil''' ('''Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil''') is a wakefulness promoting agent (eugeroic) with [[psychoactive class::nootropic]] effects used to enhance cognition, reduce fatigue, and increase alertness. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder, and narcolepsy.<ref>Provigal (Manufacturer's Website) | http://www.provigil.com/</ref> However, studies have shown that modafinil may also be useful off-label for alleviating the symptoms of depression,<ref>Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17729016</ref>, bipolar disorder,<ref> A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671288</ref> Parkinson's disease,<ref>Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940766</ref> seasonal depressive disorder,<ref>PubMed - Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306145</ref> ADHD,<ref>Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280848</ref>and various other diseases which cause fatigue as a symptom.

The substance has also been used as a doping agent by various athletes due to its effects on [[Stimulation|physical stimulation]]. It has recently gained popularity for its use as a [[nootropic|smart drug]] to [[Memory enhancement|improve memory]] and increase productivity.

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==Pharmacology==

Research suggests that modafinil increases hypothalamic histamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its locomotor effects.<ref>European Journal of Pharmacology - Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429990701031X</ref> Modafinil has recently been shown to act as a [[reuptake inhibitor]] for the [[neurotransmitter]] [[dopamine]], evidently leading to increased extraceullular concentrations of dopamine and dopaminergic neurotransmission.<ref>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics - Evidence for the Involvement of Dopamine Transporters in Behavioral Stimulant Effects of Modafinil | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672878</ref> This essentially allows dopamine to accumulate and be reused, causing physically stimulating and motivating effects.

Research suggests that modafinil increases hypothalamic histamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its locomotor effects.<ref>European Journal of Pharmacology - Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429990701031X</ref> Modafinil has recently been shown to act as a [[reuptake inhibitor]] for the [[neurotransmitter]] [[dopamine]], evidently leading to increased extraceullular concentrations of dopamine and dopaminergic neurotransmission.<ref>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics - Evidence for the Involvement of Dopamine Transporters in Behavioral Stimulant Effects of Modafinil (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672878</ref> This essentially allows dopamine to accumulate and be reused, causing physically stimulating and motivating effects.

==Subjective effects==

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 | ''[[Modafinil/Summary|Summary sheet: Modafinil]]''
 |}
-'''Modafinil''' ('''Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil''') is a wakefulness promoting agent (eugeroic) with [[psychoactive class::nootropic]] effects used to enhance cognition, reduce fatigue, and increase alertness. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder, and narcolepsy.<ref>Provigal (Manufacturer's Website) | http://www.provigil.com/</ref> However, studies have shown that modafinil may also be useful off-label for alleviating the symptoms of depression,<ref>Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17729016</ref>, bipolar disorder,<ref> A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671288</ref> Parkinson's disease,<ref>Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940766</ref> seasonal depressive disorder,<ref>PubMed - Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306145</ref> ADHD,<ref>Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280848</ref>and various other diseases which cause fatigue as a symptom.
+'''Modafinil''' ('''Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil''') is a wakefulness promoting agent (eugeroic) with [[psychoactive class::nootropic]] effects used to enhance cognition, reduce fatigue, and increase alertness. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder, and narcolepsy.<ref>Provigal (Manufacturer's Website) | http://www.provigil.com/</ref> However, studies have shown that modafinil may also be useful off-label for alleviating the symptoms of depression,<ref>Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17729016</ref>, bipolar disorder,<ref> A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671288</ref> Parkinson's disease,<ref>Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940766</ref> seasonal depressive disorder,<ref>PubMed - Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306145</ref> ADHD,<ref>Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280848</ref>and various other diseases which cause fatigue as a symptom.
 The substance has also been used as a doping agent by various athletes due to its effects on [[Stimulation|physical stimulation]]. It has recently gained popularity for its use as a [[nootropic|smart drug]] to [[Memory enhancement|improve memory]] and increase productivity.
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 ==Pharmacology==
-Research suggests that modafinil increases hypothalamic histamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its locomotor effects.<ref>European Journal of Pharmacology - Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429990701031X</ref> Modafinil has recently been shown to act as a [[reuptake inhibitor]] for the [[neurotransmitter]] [[dopamine]], evidently leading to increased extraceullular concentrations of dopamine and dopaminergic neurotransmission.<ref>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics - Evidence for the Involvement of Dopamine Transporters in Behavioral Stimulant Effects of Modafinil | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672878</ref> This essentially allows dopamine to accumulate and be reused, causing physically stimulating and motivating effects.
+Research suggests that modafinil increases hypothalamic histamine levels in the brains of rats, which may contribute to its locomotor effects.<ref>European Journal of Pharmacology - Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429990701031X</ref> Modafinil has recently been shown to act as a [[reuptake inhibitor]] for the [[neurotransmitter]] [[dopamine]], evidently leading to increased extraceullular concentrations of dopamine and dopaminergic neurotransmission.<ref>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics - Evidence for the Involvement of Dopamine Transporters in Behavioral Stimulant Effects of Modafinil (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672878</ref> This essentially allows dopamine to accumulate and be reused, causing physically stimulating and motivating effects.
 ==Subjective effects==