Mephedrone: Difference between revisions

Line 68:

Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of mephedrone due to its short history of its use.<ref>Clubbers are 'turning to new legal high mephedrone' | http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/10004366</ref> Along side of this, the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]].<ref>Mephedrone, new kid for the chop? | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20735367</ref>

In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.<ref> Ghodse, H.; Corkery, J.; Ahmed, K.; Naidoo, V.; Oyefeso and, A.; Schifano, F. (July 2010). "Drug-related deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2010". International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's University of London. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-01-02.</ref> The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old <ref> "Man from Hove died after injecting mephedrone", BBC News website, 27 May 2010; retrieved on 9 June 2012</ref> who had underlying health problems and repeatedly injected the drug.<ref> "Teenagers' deaths 'not caused by mephedrone'". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-20.</ref> A report in Forensic Science International in stated mephedrone intoxication has been recorded as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland.<ref> Torrance, H.; Cooper, G. (2010). "The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland". Forensic Science International 202 (1): e62–e63. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.014. PMID 20685050.</ref>

In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.<ref> Ghodse, H.; Corkery, J.; Ahmed, K.; Naidoo, V.; Oyefeso and, A.; Schifano, F. (July 2010). "Drug-related deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2010". International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's University of London. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-01-02.</ref> The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old<ref> "Man from Hove died after injecting mephedrone", BBC News website, 27 May 2010; retrieved on 9 June 2012</ref> who had underlying health problems and repeatedly injected the drug.<ref> "Teenagers' deaths 'not caused by mephedrone'". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-20.</ref> A report in Forensic Science International in stated mephedrone intoxication has been recorded as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland.<ref> Torrance, H.; Cooper, G. (2010). "The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland". Forensic Science International 202 (1): e62–e63. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.014. PMID 20685050.</ref>

Despite similarities to known neurotoxins such as [[methamphetamine]] and other [[cathinone]] derivatives, mephedrone does not appear to produce neurotoxic effects in the dopamine system of mice.<ref>Mephedrone, an abused psychoactive component of 'bath salts' and methamphetamine congener, does not cause neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191803</ref>

Line 97:

*'''France:''' French Ministry of Health decided in early June 2010 to add mephedrone to the list of illicit substances in the "Journal Officiel du 11 juin 2010".<ref>http://www.sante-sports.gouv.fr/la-mephedrone-classee-comme-stupefiant.html</ref>

*'''Germany (Deutschland):''' Mephedrone has been added to Anlage I starting Jan 22, 2010 and will then be controlled in Germany.<ref>http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/9164/index.htm</ref>

*'''Israel:''' In December 2007, mephedrone was added to Israel's list of controlled substances, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess. <ref>http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181254</ref>

*'''Israel:''' In December 2007, mephedrone was added to Israel's list of controlled substances, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess.<ref>http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181254</ref>

*'''Netherlands:''' In March, 2010, the Dutch Ministry of Health and the Medicines Authority IGZ informed the Ministry of Justice that they now consider mephedrone an unregulated medicine; sales and distribution of it are now prohibited.

*'''Norway:''' The "Derivatbestemmelsen" is an Analog Act-type law in Norway that controls mephedrone, [[Bk-MBDB]], [[Bromo-Dragonfly]], [[1,4butanediol]], [[GBL]], and [[MBDB]].<ref>legemiddelverket.no</ref>

Line 103:

*'''Romania:''' Mephedrone was added to Romania's list of controlled substances in February 2010.<ref>http://salviadivinorum.ro/noile-substante-intezise/</ref>

*'''Russia:''' Mephedrone is classified as List 1 in Russian Federation as of August 2010. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute.<ref>http://gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2010/08/04/n_1529350.shtml</ref>

*'''Slovak Republic:''' Starting March 1, 2011 mephedrone is controlled in the Slovak Republic. <ref>http://www.nrsr.sk/Dynamic/Download.aspx?DocID=350863</ref>

*'''Slovak Republic:''' Starting March 1, 2011 mephedrone is controlled in the Slovak Republic.<ref>http://www.nrsr.sk/Dynamic/Download.aspx?DocID=350863</ref>

*'''Sweden:''' In Sweden, the drug is classified as a health hazard. A ban on mephedrone went into effect on December 15, 2008, making its sale illegal. Use of 4-methylmethcathinone is not explicitly illegal under this regulation.

*'''United Kingdom:''' Mephedrone is a Class B drug; it is illegal to possess without the proper license or prescription as of April 16, 2010.

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of mephedrone due to its short history of its use.<ref>Clubbers are 'turning to new legal high mephedrone' | http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/10004366</ref> Along side of this, the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]].<ref>Mephedrone, new kid for the chop? | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20735367</ref>
-In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.<ref> Ghodse, H.; Corkery, J.; Ahmed, K.; Naidoo, V.; Oyefeso and, A.; Schifano, F. (July 2010). "Drug-related deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2010". International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's University of London. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-01-02.</ref> The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old <ref> "Man from Hove died after injecting mephedrone", BBC News website, 27 May 2010; retrieved on 9 June 2012</ref> who had underlying health problems and repeatedly injected the drug.<ref> "Teenagers' deaths 'not caused by mephedrone'". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-20.</ref> A report in Forensic Science International in stated mephedrone intoxication has been recorded as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland.<ref> Torrance, H.; Cooper, G. (2010). "The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland". Forensic Science International 202 (1): e62–e63. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.014. PMID 20685050.</ref>
+In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.<ref> Ghodse, H.; Corkery, J.; Ahmed, K.; Naidoo, V.; Oyefeso and, A.; Schifano, F. (July 2010). "Drug-related deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2010". International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's University of London. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-01-02.</ref> The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old<ref> "Man from Hove died after injecting mephedrone", BBC News website, 27 May 2010; retrieved on 9 June 2012</ref> who had underlying health problems and repeatedly injected the drug.<ref> "Teenagers' deaths 'not caused by mephedrone'". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-20.</ref> A report in Forensic Science International in stated mephedrone intoxication has been recorded as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland.<ref> Torrance, H.; Cooper, G. (2010). "The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland". Forensic Science International 202 (1): e62–e63. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.014. PMID 20685050.</ref>
 Despite similarities to known neurotoxins such as [[methamphetamine]] and other [[cathinone]] derivatives, mephedrone does not appear to produce neurotoxic effects in the dopamine system of mice.<ref>Mephedrone, an abused psychoactive component of 'bath salts' and methamphetamine congener, does not cause neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191803</ref>
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 *'''France:''' French Ministry of Health decided in early June 2010 to add mephedrone to the list of illicit substances in the "Journal Officiel du 11 juin 2010".<ref>http://www.sante-sports.gouv.fr/la-mephedrone-classee-comme-stupefiant.html</ref>
 *'''Germany (Deutschland):''' Mephedrone has been added to Anlage I starting Jan 22, 2010 and will then be controlled in Germany.<ref>http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/9164/index.htm</ref>
-*'''Israel:''' In December 2007, mephedrone was added to Israel's list of controlled substances, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess. <ref>http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181254</ref>
+*'''Israel:''' In December 2007, mephedrone was added to Israel's list of controlled substances, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess.<ref>http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181254</ref>
 *'''Netherlands:''' In March, 2010, the Dutch Ministry of Health and the Medicines Authority IGZ informed the Ministry of Justice that they now consider mephedrone an unregulated medicine; sales and distribution of it are now prohibited.
 *'''Norway:''' The "Derivatbestemmelsen" is an Analog Act-type law in Norway that controls mephedrone, [[Bk-MBDB]], [[Bromo-Dragonfly]], [[1,4butanediol]], [[GBL]], and [[MBDB]].<ref>legemiddelverket.no</ref>
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 *'''Romania:''' Mephedrone was added to Romania's list of controlled substances in February 2010.<ref>http://salviadivinorum.ro/noile-substante-intezise/</ref>
 *'''Russia:''' Mephedrone is classified as List 1 in Russian Federation as of August 2010. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute.<ref>http://gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2010/08/04/n_1529350.shtml</ref>
-*'''Slovak Republic:''' Starting March 1, 2011 mephedrone is controlled in the Slovak Republic. <ref>http://www.nrsr.sk/Dynamic/Download.aspx?DocID=350863</ref>
+*'''Slovak Republic:''' Starting March 1, 2011 mephedrone is controlled in the Slovak Republic.<ref>http://www.nrsr.sk/Dynamic/Download.aspx?DocID=350863</ref>
 *'''Sweden:''' In Sweden, the drug is classified as a health hazard. A ban on mephedrone went into effect on December 15, 2008, making its sale illegal. Use of 4-methylmethcathinone is not explicitly illegal under this regulation.
 *'''United Kingdom:''' Mephedrone is a Class B drug; it is illegal to possess without the proper license or prescription as of April 16, 2010.