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Thienodiazepines: Difference between revisions

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==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
The effects listed below are based upon the [[subjective effects index]] and personal experiences of [[PsychonautWiki]] [[Special:TopUsers|contributors]]. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects. These effects are listed and defined in detail within their own dedicated articles below:
The effects listed below are based upon the [[subjective effects index]] and personal experiences of [[PsychonautWiki]] [[Special:TopUsers|contributors]]. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects. These effects are listed and defined in detail within their own dedicated articles below:
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Paradoxical reactions to thienodiazepines, as well as [[benzodiazepines]], such as increased seizures (in epileptics), aggression, increased anxiety, violent behavior, loss of impulse control, irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur (although they are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1%).<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922233 | Saïas T, Gallarda T | Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review</ref><ref>Paton C | Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review | Psychiatr Bull R Coll Psychiatr | http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/26/12/460.pdf</ref><p>
Paradoxical reactions to thienodiazepines, as well as [[benzodiazepines]], such as increased seizures (in epileptics), aggression, increased anxiety, violent behavior, loss of impulse control, irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur (although they are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1%).<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922233 | Saïas T, Gallarda T | Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review</ref><ref>Paton C | Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review | Psychiatr Bull R Coll Psychiatr | http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/26/12/460.pdf</ref><p>
These paradoxical effects occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.<ref>Bond AJ | Drug-induced behavioural disinhibition: incidence, mechanisms and therapeutic implications | CNS Drugs</ref><ref>Drummer OH | Benzodiazepines—effects on human performance and behavior | Forensic Sci Rev</ref></p>
These paradoxical effects occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.<ref>Bond AJ | Drug-induced behavioural disinhibition: incidence, mechanisms and therapeutic implications | CNS Drugs</ref><ref>Drummer OH | Benzodiazepines—effects on human performance and behavior | Forensic Sci Rev</ref></p>
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==Examples==
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<h3 class="panel-header">[[Thienzodiazepines]]</h3>
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* [[Deschloroetizolam]]
* [[Etizolam]]
* [[Metizolam]]
* [[Brotizolam]]
* [[Bentazepam]]
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==Toxicity and harm potential==
[[Benzodiazepines]] and thienodiazepines are essentially identical in their pharmacological action, subjective effects, toxicity and harm potential. They can therefore be treated similarly in the appropriate efforts necessary to maximize harm reduction.
[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of benzodiazepines in comparison to other drugs.<ref>Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644</ref>]]
===Lethal dosage===
The median lethal dosage varies wildly between specific substances within the thienzodiazepine class. It is because of this that one should always fully research the substance before administering it to themselves or others.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Tolerance will develop to the sedative-hypnotic effects within a couple of days.<ref>Principles and Practice of Psychopharmacotherapy | http://books.google.com/books?id=_ePK9wwcQUMC&pg=PA535</ref> Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing treatment abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction.<ref>Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy, and Behavioral Toxicity of Alprazolam: A Review of the Literature | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00003.x/pdf</ref> <ref>The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment | http://books.google.com/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&pg=PA222&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
====Discontinuation====
Similar to benzodiazepines, thienodiazepine discontinuation is notoriously difficult; it is potentially life-threatening for individuals using regularly to discontinue use without tapering their dose over a period of weeks. There is an increased risk of [[high blood pressure]], [[seizures]], and death.<ref>A fatal case of benzodiazepine withdrawal. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19465812</ref> Drugs which lower the seizure threshold such as [[tramadol]] should be avoided during withdrawal. Abrupt discontinuation also causes rebound stimulation which presents as [[anxiety]], [[wakefulness|insomnia]] and restlessness.
It is safest to reduce the dose each day by a very small amount, for a couple of weeks until close to abstinence. If using a short half-life thienodiazepine, a longer acting drug can be substituted. Symptoms may still be present, but their severity will be reduced significantly. For more information on tapering from thienodiazepine in a controlled manner, please see [http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha02.htm this guide]. Small amounts of [[alcohol]] can also help to reduce the symptoms.
The duration and severity of withdrawal symptoms depends on a number of factors including the half-life of the drug used, tolerance and the duration of abuse. Major symptoms will usually start within just a few days after discontinuation and persist for around a week for shorter lasting thienodiazepines. Thienodiazepines with longer half-lives will exhibit withdrawal symptoms with a slow onset and extended duration.
==Preparation methods==
*'''[[Volumetric liquid dosing]]''' - If one's thienodiazepines are in powder form, they are unlikely to weigh out accurately without the most expensive of scales due to their extreme potency. To avoid this, one can dissolve the thienodiazepine volumetrically into a solution and dose it accurately based upon the methodological instructions linked within this tutorial [[Volumetric liquid dosing|here]].
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Depressant]]
*[[Benzodiazepine]]
*[[GABA]]
==References==
<references/>
Retrieved from "http://psy.st/wiki/Thienodiazepines"