GHB: Difference between revisions

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===Tolerance and addiction potential===

[[File:GHBwithdrawal2.png|350px|thumbnail|right|This table compares the withdrawal symptoms of GHB, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.]]

GHB is [[Addiction potential::moderately physically and psychologically addictive]]. The frequent use of GHB can cause withdrawal symptoms similar to those caused by other [[depressants]] such as [[alcohol]] and [[benzodiazepines]] if abruptly discontinued.<ref>Systematic Assessment of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Effects During and After Acute Intoxication | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759403/</ref><ref>Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem®): differences in characteristics and misuse | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713368/</ref> These symptoms seem to depend on the dosage and the length of time the drug was used for ~~with light~~ to moderate users often ~~experiencing~~ anxiety, insomnia, sleep-related problems, and tremors whereas heavy use can cause severe withdrawal symptoms like delirium, psychosis, and hallucinations.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11174231 | Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome.</ref>

GHB is [[Addiction potential::moderately physically and psychologically addictive]]. The frequent use of GHB can cause withdrawal symptoms similar to those caused by other [[depressants]] such as [[alcohol]] and [[benzodiazepines]] if abruptly discontinued.<ref>Systematic Assessment of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Effects During and After Acute Intoxication | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759403/</ref><ref>Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem®): differences in characteristics and misuse | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713368/</ref> These symptoms seem to depend on the dosage and the length of time the drug was used for. Light to moderate users often experience anxiety, insomnia, sleep-related problems, and tremors whereas heavy use can cause severe withdrawal symptoms like delirium, psychosis, and hallucinations.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11174231 | Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome.</ref><ref name="GHB"></ref>

Although there have been reported fatalities due to GHB withdrawal, reports are inconclusive and further research is needed.<ref>Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03640.x/abstract</ref>

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 ===Tolerance and addiction potential===
-[[File:GHBwithdrawal2.png|350px|thumbnail|right|This table compares the withdrawal symptoms of GHB, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.]]
+[[File:GHBwithdrawal2.png|350px|thumbnail|right|This table compares the withdrawal symptoms of GHB, [[benzodiazepines]], and [[alcohol]].<ref name="GHB">GHB Withdrawal Syndrome | Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ghb/ghb_addiction2.pdf</ref>]]
-GHB is [[Addiction potential::moderately physically and psychologically addictive]]. The frequent use of GHB can cause withdrawal symptoms similar to those caused by other [[depressants]] such as [[alcohol]] and [[benzodiazepines]] if abruptly discontinued.<ref>Systematic Assessment of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Effects During and After Acute Intoxication | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759403/</ref><ref>Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem®): differences in characteristics and misuse | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713368/</ref> These symptoms seem to depend on the dosage and the length of time the drug was used for with light to moderate users often experiencing anxiety, insomnia, sleep-related problems, and tremors whereas heavy use can cause severe withdrawal symptoms like delirium, psychosis, and hallucinations.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11174231 | Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome.</ref>
+GHB is [[Addiction potential::moderately physically and psychologically addictive]]. The frequent use of GHB can cause withdrawal symptoms similar to those caused by other [[depressants]] such as [[alcohol]] and [[benzodiazepines]] if abruptly discontinued.<ref>Systematic Assessment of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Effects During and After Acute Intoxication | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759403/</ref><ref>Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem®): differences in characteristics and misuse | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713368/</ref> These symptoms seem to depend on the dosage and the length of time the drug was used for. Light to moderate users often experience anxiety, insomnia, sleep-related problems, and tremors whereas heavy use can cause severe withdrawal symptoms like delirium, psychosis, and hallucinations.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11174231 | Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome.</ref><ref name="GHB"></ref>
 Although there have been reported fatalities due to GHB withdrawal, reports are inconclusive and further research is needed.<ref>Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03640.x/abstract</ref>