2-Aminoindane: Difference between revisions

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==Toxicity and harm potential==

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2-AI use have ~~not~~ been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because 2-AI ~~is a [[research chemical]] with~~ very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people ~~within the [[psychonaut]] community~~ who have tried 2-AI ~~suggests~~ that there ~~are no~~ negative health effects attributed to simply trying ~~the~~ drug ~~by itself~~ at low to moderate doses or using it ~~very~~ sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed)~~. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption~~.

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2-AI use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 2-AI has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 2-AI within the community confirm that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself or using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).

===Tolerance and addiction potential===

~~Tolerance develops rapidly~~ with ~~repeated usage~~, ~~so periods of extended use require increasing doses of~~ the ~~drug in order to achieve the same effect. Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational~~ use of ~~any~~ [[~~substituted amphetamine~~]] and ~~compulsive redosing~~ is ~~extremely common~~.

As with other [[stimulants]], the chronic use of 2-AI can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

Tolerance to many of the effects of 2-AI [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 2-AI presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[stimulants]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 2AI all [[stimulants]]s will have a reduced effect.

===Psychosis===

Abuse of compounds within the amphetamine chemical class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref> A Cochrane Collaboration review on treatment for amphetamine, [[dextroamphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref><ref>Hofmann FG (1983). A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Biomedical Aspects (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 9780195030570.</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref> Psychosis very rarely arises from therapeutic use.<ref>Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem | http://www.acha.org/prof_dev/ADHD_docs/ADHD_PDprogram_Article2.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf</ref>

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 ==Toxicity and harm potential==
-The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2-AI use have not been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because 2-AI is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people within the [[psychonaut]] community  who have tried 2-AI suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the drug by itself at low to moderate doses or using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
+The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2-AI use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 2-AI has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 2-AI within the community confirm that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself or using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
 ===Tolerance and addiction potential===
-Tolerance develops rapidly with repeated usage, so periods of extended use require increasing doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational use of any [[substituted amphetamine]] and compulsive redosing is extremely common.
+As with other [[stimulants]], the chronic use of 2-AI can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
+Tolerance to many of the effects of 2-AI [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption).  2-AI presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[stimulants]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 2AI all [[stimulants]]s will have a reduced effect.
 ===Psychosis===
 Abuse of compounds within the amphetamine chemical class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref> A Cochrane Collaboration review on treatment for amphetamine, [[dextroamphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref><ref>Hofmann FG (1983). A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Biomedical Aspects (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 9780195030570.</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref> Psychosis very rarely arises from therapeutic use.<ref>Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem | http://www.acha.org/prof_dev/ADHD_docs/ADHD_PDprogram_Article2.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf</ref>