Cannabinoid: Difference between revisions

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==Cannabinoid receptors==

Before the 1980s, it was often speculated that cannabinoids produced their physiological and behavioral effects via nonspecific interactions, instead of interacting with specific receptors directly. The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s helped to resolve this debate. These receptors are common in animals, and have been found in mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. At present, there are two known types of cannabinoid receptors, termed CB1 and CB2,<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> with mounting evidence of more.<ref>Evidence for novel cannabinoid receptors | The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type.<ref>Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L., eds. (2009). Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. Saunders. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4160-3115-4.</ref>

Before the 1980s, it was often speculated that cannabinoids produced their physiological and behavioral effects via nonspecific interactions, instead of interacting with specific receptors directly. The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s helped to resolve this debate. These receptors are common in animals, and have been found in mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. At present, there are two known types of cannabinoid receptors, termed CB1 and CB2,<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> with mounting evidence of more.<ref>Evidence for novel cannabinoid receptors | The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type.<ref>Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L., eds. (2009). Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. Saunders. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4160-3115-4. </ref>

===Cannabinoid receptor type 1===

CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain, more specifically in the basal ganglia and in the limbic system, including the hippocampus.<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> They are also found in the cerebellum and in both male and female reproductive systems. CB1 receptors are absent in the medulla oblongata, the part of the brain stem responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Thus, there is not the risk of respiratory or cardiovascular failure that can be produced by some drugs. CB1 receptors appear to be responsible for the euphoric and anticonvulsive effects of cannabis.

CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain, more specifically in the basal ganglia and in the limbic system, including the hippocampus.<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947 </ref> They are also found in the cerebellum and in both male and female reproductive systems. CB1 receptors are absent in the medulla oblongata, the part of the brain stem responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Thus, there is not the risk of respiratory or cardiovascular failure that can be produced by some drugs. CB1 receptors appear to be responsible for the euphoric and anticonvulsive effects of cannabis.

===Cannabinoid receptor type 2===

CB2 receptors are predominantly found in the immune system, or immune-derived cells<ref>Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective system? | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295074</ref> with the greatest density in the spleen. While found only in the peripheral nervous system, a report does indicate that CB2 is expressed by a subpopulation of microglia in the human cerebellum.<ref>Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are expressed by perivascular microglial cells in the human brain: an immunohistochemical study | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15266552<ref> CB2 receptors appear to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and possibly other therapeutic effects of cannabis.<ref>Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective system? | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295074</ref>

==Subjective effects==

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 ==Cannabinoid receptors==
-Before the 1980s, it was often speculated that cannabinoids produced their physiological and behavioral effects via nonspecific interactions, instead of interacting with specific receptors directly. The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s helped to resolve this debate. These receptors are common in animals, and have been found in mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. At present, there are two known types of cannabinoid receptors, termed CB1 and CB2,<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> with mounting evidence of more.<ref>Evidence for novel cannabinoid receptors |  The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type.<ref>Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L., eds. (2009). Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. Saunders. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4160-3115-4.</ref>
+Before the 1980s, it was often speculated that cannabinoids produced their physiological and behavioral effects via nonspecific interactions, instead of interacting with specific receptors directly. The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s helped to resolve this debate. These receptors are common in animals, and have been found in mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. At present, there are two known types of cannabinoid receptors, termed CB1 and CB2,<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> with mounting evidence of more.<ref>Evidence for novel cannabinoid receptors |  The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type.<ref>Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L., eds. (2009). Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. Saunders. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4160-3115-4. </ref>
 ===Cannabinoid receptor type 1===
-CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain, more specifically in the basal ganglia and in the limbic system, including the hippocampus.<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> They are also found in the cerebellum and in both male and female reproductive systems. CB1 receptors are absent in the medulla oblongata, the part of the brain stem responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Thus, there is not the risk of respiratory or cardiovascular failure that can be produced by some drugs. CB1 receptors appear to be responsible for the euphoric and anticonvulsive effects of cannabis.
+CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain, more specifically in the basal ganglia and in the limbic system, including the hippocampus.<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947 </ref> They are also found in the cerebellum and in both male and female reproductive systems. CB1 receptors are absent in the medulla oblongata, the part of the brain stem responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Thus, there is not the risk of respiratory or cardiovascular failure that can be produced by some drugs. CB1 receptors appear to be responsible for the euphoric and anticonvulsive effects of cannabis.
 ===Cannabinoid receptor type 2===
 CB2 receptors are predominantly found in the immune system, or immune-derived cells<ref>Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective system? | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295074</ref> with the greatest density in the spleen. While found only in the peripheral nervous system, a report does indicate that CB2 is expressed by a subpopulation of microglia in the human cerebellum.<ref>Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are expressed by perivascular microglial cells in the human brain: an immunohistochemical study | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15266552<ref> CB2 receptors appear to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and possibly other therapeutic effects of cannabis.<ref>Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective system? | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295074</ref>
 ==Subjective effects==