Mephedrone: Difference between revisions

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'''4-~~Methylmethcathinone~~''' (also known as '''4-~~MMC~~''', '''M-~~CAT~~''', '''~~drone~~''', '''~~meow meow~~''', and '''~~mephedrone~~'''<ref name="Schifano2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schifano, F.)), ((Albanese, A.)), ((Fergus, S.)), ((Stair, J. L.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Corazza, O.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Corkery, J.)), ((Siemann, H.)), ((Scherbaum, N.)), ((Farre’, M.)), ((Torrens, M.)), ((Demetrovics, Z.)), ((Ghodse, A. H.)), ((Psychonaut Web Mapping)), ((ReDNet Research Groups)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; ‘meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues | volume=214 | issue=3 | pages=593–602 | date=1 April 2011 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x | issn=1432-2072 | doi=10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x}}</ref>) is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]]-[[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::cathinone]] class. Mephedrone belongs to a group known as the [[substituted cathinones]], which are derivatives of the active ingredient in the ~~khat~~ plant (''~~Catha edulluis~~''). It is thought to produce its effects by promoting the release of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.{{citation needed}}

'''4-Metylometkatynon''' (also known as '''4-MMK''', '''M-KAT''', '''dron''', '''sperma''', and '''mefedron'''<ref name="Schifano2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schifano, F.)), ((Albanese, A.)), ((Fergus, S.)), ((Stair, J. L.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Corazza, O.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Corkery, J.)), ((Siemann, H.)), ((Scherbaum, N.)), ((Farre’, M.)), ((Torrens, M.)), ((Demetrovics, Z.)), ((Ghodse, A. H.)), ((Psychonaut Web Mapping)), ((ReDNet Research Groups)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; ‘meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues | volume=214 | issue=3 | pages=593–602 | date=1 April 2011 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x | issn=1432-2072 | doi=10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x}}</ref>) is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]]-[[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::cathinone]] class. Mephedrone belongs to a group known as the [[substituted cathinones]], which are derivatives of the active ingredient in the coca plant (''Erythroxylum coca''). It is thought to produce its effects by promoting the release of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.{{citation needed}}

Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. In 2007 it was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by 2010 it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom.{{citation needed}}

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[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement|enhanced empathy and sociability]], [[muscle relaxation|relaxation]], [[increased libido]], and [[euphoria]]. It is reported to produce a mixture of classic [[stimulant]] and [[entactogen]]ic effects reminiscent of [[cocaine]] and [[MDMA]].<ref name="Schifano2011" /> It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, inject or insert rectally. It is also sometimes sold as [[MDMA]] ("molly").

Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of mephedrone, and it has little history of human use. Preliminary evidence suggests it may possess neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties.{{citation needed}} It is highly ~~advised~~ to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of mephedrone, and it has little history of human use. Preliminary evidence suggests it may possess neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties.{{citation needed}} It is highly unadvised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance, snort cocaine everyday.

==Chemistry==

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 {{SubstanceBox/Mephedrone}}
-'''4-Methylmethcathinone''' (also known as '''4-MMC''', '''M-CAT''', '''drone''', '''meow meow''', and '''mephedrone'''<ref name="Schifano2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schifano, F.)), ((Albanese, A.)), ((Fergus, S.)), ((Stair, J. L.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Corazza, O.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Corkery, J.)), ((Siemann, H.)), ((Scherbaum, N.)), ((Farre’, M.)), ((Torrens, M.)), ((Demetrovics, Z.)), ((Ghodse, A. H.)), ((Psychonaut Web Mapping)), ((ReDNet Research Groups)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; ‘meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues | volume=214 | issue=3 | pages=593–602 | date=1 April 2011 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x | issn=1432-2072 | doi=10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x}}</ref>) is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]]-[[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::cathinone]] class. Mephedrone belongs to a group known as the [[substituted cathinones]], which are derivatives of the active ingredient in the khat plant (''Catha edulluis''). It is thought to produce its effects by promoting the release of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.{{citation needed}}
+'''4-Metylometkatynon''' (also known as '''4-MMK''', '''M-KAT''', '''dron''', '''sperma''', and '''mefedron'''<ref name="Schifano2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schifano, F.)), ((Albanese, A.)), ((Fergus, S.)), ((Stair, J. L.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Corazza, O.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Corkery, J.)), ((Siemann, H.)), ((Scherbaum, N.)), ((Farre’, M.)), ((Torrens, M.)), ((Demetrovics, Z.)), ((Ghodse, A. H.)), ((Psychonaut Web Mapping)), ((ReDNet Research Groups)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; ‘meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues | volume=214 | issue=3 | pages=593–602 | date=1 April 2011 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x | issn=1432-2072 | doi=10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x}}</ref>) is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]]-[[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::cathinone]] class. Mephedrone belongs to a group known as the [[substituted cathinones]], which are derivatives of the active ingredient in the coca plant (''Erythroxylum coca''). It is thought to produce its effects by promoting the release of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.{{citation needed}}
 Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. In 2007 it was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by 2010 it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom.{{citation needed}}
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 [[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement|enhanced empathy and sociability]], [[muscle relaxation|relaxation]], [[increased libido]], and [[euphoria]]. It is reported to produce a mixture of classic [[stimulant]] and [[entactogen]]ic effects reminiscent of [[cocaine]] and [[MDMA]].<ref name="Schifano2011" /> It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, inject or insert rectally. It is also sometimes sold as [[MDMA]] ("molly").
-Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of mephedrone, and it has little history of human use. Preliminary evidence suggests it may possess neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties.{{citation needed}} It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
+Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of mephedrone, and it has little history of human use. Preliminary evidence suggests it may possess neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties.{{citation needed}} It is highly unadvised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance, snort cocaine everyday.
 ==Chemistry==