Cannabis: Difference between revisions

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==Chemistry==

Cannabis plants contain a number of different specific compounds at various ratios. Cannabis contains more than 460 compounds;<ref name="Ben2006">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ben Amar, M.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Cannabinoids in medicine: A review of their therapeutic potential | volume=105 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–25 | date= April 2006 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874106000821 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.001}}</ref> at least 80 of these are [[cannabinoid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Downer, E. J.)), ((Campbell, V. A.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Review | title=Phytocannabinoids, CNS cells and development: A dead issue?: Phytocannabinoids have neurotoxic properties | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=91–98 | date=5 August 2009 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x | issn=09595236 | doi=10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Burns, T. L.)), ((Ineck, J. R.)) | journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy | title=Cannabinoid Analgesia as a Potential New Therapeutic Option in the Treatment of Chronic Pain | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=251–260 | date= February 2006 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1345/aph.1G217 | issn=1060-0280 | doi=10.1345/aph.1G217}}</ref> chemical compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors in the brain.<ref name="Borgelt2013">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Borgelt, L. M.)), ((Franson, K. L.)), ((Nussbaum, A. M.)), ((Wang, G. S.)) | journal=Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy | title=The Pharmacologic and Clinical Effects of Medical Cannabis | volume=33 | issue=2 | pages=195–209 | date= February 2013 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.1187 | issn=02770008 | doi=10.1002/phar.1187}}</ref> The most common cannabinoids are listed below:

~~===Hypothetical differences between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa''===~~

In 2022, studies found that plants identified as "indica" or "sativa" based on common methods of differentiation (e.g. plant height or leaf shape) are not, in fact, chemically distinguishable, with many identified as "sativa" having cannabinoid ratios predicted of "indica" plants and vice versa. The authors have concluded that the chemical makeup of cannabis plants cannot be reliably determined by simple inspection of the plants' physical characteristics and that the "indica" and "sativa" labels are not informative as to the cannabinoids (or other chemical components) delivered.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0267498| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 17| issue = 5| pages = –0267498| last1 = Smith| first1 = Christiana J.| last2 = Vergara| first2 = Daniela| last3 = Keegan| first3 = Brian| last4 = Jikomes| first4 = Nick| title = The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2022| pmid = 35588111| pmc = 9119530| bibcode = 2022PLoSO..1767498S| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1664-462X| volume = 13| last1 = Murovec| first1 = Jana| last2 = Eržen| first2 = Jan Jurij| last3 = Flajšman| first3 = Marko| last4 = Vodnik| first4 = Dominik| title = Analysis of Morphological Traits, Cannabinoid Profiles, THCAS Gene Sequences, and Photosynthesis in Wide and Narrow Leaflet High-Cannabidiol Breeding Populations of Medical Cannabis| journal = Frontiers in Plant Science| date = 2022| page = 786161| doi = 10.3389/fpls.2022.786161| pmid = 35283868| pmc = 8907982| doi-access = free}}</ref>

===Phytocannabinoids===

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==Strains and forms==

===Strains===

[[File:Cannab2 new.png|thumb|right|200px|Types of cannabis]]

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Marijuana strains range from pure sativas to pure indicas with hybrid strains consisting of both indica and sativa (for example, 30% indica – 70% sativa, 50% – 50% combinations, or 80% indica – 20% sativa). Because sativa and indica buds have very different medicinal benefits and effects, certain strains can be targeted to better treat specific illnesses.

====Hypothetical differences between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa''====

In 2022, studies found that plants identified as "indica" or "sativa" based on common methods of differentiation (e.g. plant height or leaf shape) are not, in fact, chemically distinguishable, with many identified as "sativa" having cannabinoid ratios predicted of "indica" plants and vice versa. The authors have concluded that the chemical makeup of cannabis plants cannot be reliably determined by simple inspection of the plants' physical characteristics and that the "indica" and "sativa" labels are not informative as to the cannabinoids (or other chemical components) delivered.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0267498| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 17| issue = 5| pages = –0267498| last1 = Smith| first1 = Christiana J.| last2 = Vergara| first2 = Daniela| last3 = Keegan| first3 = Brian| last4 = Jikomes| first4 = Nick| title = The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2022| pmid = 35588111| pmc = 9119530| bibcode = 2022PLoSO..1767498S| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1664-462X| volume = 13| last1 = Murovec| first1 = Jana| last2 = Eržen| first2 = Jan Jurij| last3 = Flajšman| first3 = Marko| last4 = Vodnik| first4 = Dominik| title = Analysis of Morphological Traits, Cannabinoid Profiles, THCAS Gene Sequences, and Photosynthesis in Wide and Narrow Leaflet High-Cannabidiol Breeding Populations of Medical Cannabis| journal = Frontiers in Plant Science| date = 2022| page = 786161| doi = 10.3389/fpls.2022.786161| pmid = 35283868| pmc = 8907982| doi-access = free}}</ref>

===Forms===

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ==Chemistry==
 Cannabis plants contain a number of different specific compounds at various ratios. Cannabis contains more than 460 compounds;<ref name="Ben2006">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ben Amar, M.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Cannabinoids in medicine: A review of their therapeutic potential | volume=105 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–25 | date= April 2006 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874106000821 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.001}}</ref> at least 80 of these are [[cannabinoid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Downer, E. J.)), ((Campbell, V. A.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Review | title=Phytocannabinoids, CNS cells and development: A dead issue?: Phytocannabinoids have neurotoxic properties | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=91–98 | date=5 August 2009 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x | issn=09595236 | doi=10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Burns, T. L.)), ((Ineck, J. R.)) | journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy | title=Cannabinoid Analgesia as a Potential New Therapeutic Option in the Treatment of Chronic Pain | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=251–260 | date= February 2006 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1345/aph.1G217 | issn=1060-0280 | doi=10.1345/aph.1G217}}</ref> chemical compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors in the brain.<ref name="Borgelt2013">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Borgelt, L. M.)), ((Franson, K. L.)), ((Nussbaum, A. M.)), ((Wang, G. S.)) | journal=Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy | title=The Pharmacologic and Clinical Effects of Medical Cannabis | volume=33 | issue=2 | pages=195–209 | date= February 2013 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.1187 | issn=02770008 | doi=10.1002/phar.1187}}</ref>  The most common cannabinoids are listed below:
-===Hypothetical differences between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa''===
-In 2022, studies found that plants identified as "indica" or "sativa" based on common methods of differentiation (e.g. plant height or leaf shape) are not, in fact, chemically distinguishable, with many identified as "sativa" having cannabinoid ratios predicted of "indica" plants and vice versa. The authors have concluded that the chemical makeup of cannabis plants cannot be reliably determined by simple inspection of the plants' physical characteristics and that the "indica" and "sativa" labels are not informative as to the cannabinoids (or other chemical components) delivered.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0267498| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 17| issue = 5| pages = –0267498| last1 = Smith| first1 = Christiana J.| last2 = Vergara| first2 = Daniela| last3 = Keegan| first3 = Brian| last4 = Jikomes| first4 = Nick| title = The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2022| pmid = 35588111| pmc = 9119530| bibcode = 2022PLoSO..1767498S| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1664-462X| volume = 13| last1 = Murovec| first1 = Jana| last2 = Eržen| first2 = Jan Jurij| last3 = Flajšman| first3 = Marko| last4 = Vodnik| first4 = Dominik| title = Analysis of Morphological Traits, Cannabinoid Profiles, THCAS Gene Sequences, and Photosynthesis in Wide and Narrow Leaflet High-Cannabidiol Breeding Populations of Medical Cannabis| journal = Frontiers in Plant Science| date = 2022| page = 786161| doi = 10.3389/fpls.2022.786161| pmid = 35283868| pmc = 8907982| doi-access = free}}</ref>
 ===Phytocannabinoids===
@@ Line 186: / Line 183: @@
 ==Strains and forms==
 ===Strains===
 [[File:Cannab2 new.png|thumb|right|200px|Types of cannabis]]
@@ Line 195: / Line 193: @@
 Marijuana strains range from pure sativas to pure indicas with hybrid strains consisting of both indica and sativa (for example, 30% indica – 70% sativa, 50% – 50% combinations, or 80% indica – 20% sativa). Because sativa and indica buds have very different medicinal benefits and effects, certain strains can be targeted to better treat specific illnesses.
+====Hypothetical differences between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa''====
+In 2022, studies found that plants identified as "indica" or "sativa" based on common methods of differentiation (e.g. plant height or leaf shape) are not, in fact, chemically distinguishable, with many identified as "sativa" having cannabinoid ratios predicted of "indica" plants and vice versa. The authors have concluded that the chemical makeup of cannabis plants cannot be reliably determined by simple inspection of the plants' physical characteristics and that the "indica" and "sativa" labels are not informative as to the cannabinoids (or other chemical components) delivered.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0267498| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 17| issue = 5| pages = –0267498| last1 = Smith| first1 = Christiana J.| last2 = Vergara| first2 = Daniela| last3 = Keegan| first3 = Brian| last4 = Jikomes| first4 = Nick| title = The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2022| pmid = 35588111| pmc = 9119530| bibcode = 2022PLoSO..1767498S| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1664-462X| volume = 13| last1 = Murovec| first1 = Jana| last2 = Eržen| first2 = Jan Jurij| last3 = Flajšman| first3 = Marko| last4 = Vodnik| first4 = Dominik| title = Analysis of Morphological Traits, Cannabinoid Profiles, THCAS Gene Sequences, and Photosynthesis in Wide and Narrow Leaflet High-Cannabidiol Breeding Populations of Medical Cannabis| journal = Frontiers in Plant Science| date = 2022| page = 786161| doi = 10.3389/fpls.2022.786161| pmid = 35283868| pmc = 8907982| doi-access = free}}</ref>
 ===Forms===