Cannabis: Difference between revisions

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[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[Visual disconnection|visual disconnection]], and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.

Lower doses are associated with relaxing effects similar to a [[depressant]]. Higher doses are associated with mild-to-moderate [[hallucinogenic]] effects such as [[geometry|visual hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]] and [[time distortion]], as well as a greater risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[delusions]] ~~(generally more prevalent with sativa strains)~~.

Lower doses are associated with relaxing effects similar to a [[depressant]]. Higher doses are associated with mild-to-moderate [[hallucinogenic]] effects such as [[geometry|visual hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]] and [[time distortion]], as well as a greater risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[delusions]].

Cannabis is considered to have low to moderate abuse potential.{{citation needed}} Chronic use is associated with escalating tolerance and psychological dependence in some individuals.{{citation needed}} It has very low physical toxicity and is essentially impossible to physically overdose on. However, it is capable of exacerbating certain mental health symptoms like [[delusions]] or [[psychosis]] in predisposed individuals (see [[cannabis#toxicity and harm potential|this section]]).{{citation needed}}

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==Chemistry==

Cannabis plants contain a number of different specific compounds at various ratios. Cannabis contains more than 460 compounds;<ref name="Ben2006">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ben Amar, M.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Cannabinoids in medicine: A review of their therapeutic potential | volume=105 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–25 | date= April 2006 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874106000821 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.001}}</ref> at least 80 of these are [[cannabinoid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Downer, E. J.)), ((Campbell, V. A.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Review | title=Phytocannabinoids, CNS cells and development: A dead issue?: Phytocannabinoids have neurotoxic properties | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=91–98 | date=5 August 2009 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x | issn=09595236 | doi=10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Burns, T. L.)), ((Ineck, J. R.)) | journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy | title=Cannabinoid Analgesia as a Potential New Therapeutic Option in the Treatment of Chronic Pain | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=251–260 | date= February 2006 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1345/aph.1G217 | issn=1060-0280 | doi=10.1345/aph.1G217}}</ref> chemical compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors in the brain.<ref name="Borgelt2013">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Borgelt, L. M.)), ((Franson, K. L.)), ((Nussbaum, A. M.)), ((Wang, G. S.)) | journal=Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy | title=The Pharmacologic and Clinical Effects of Medical Cannabis | volume=33 | issue=2 | pages=195–209 | date= February 2013 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.1187 | issn=02770008 | doi=10.1002/phar.1187}}</ref> The most common cannabinoids are listed below:

===Hypothetical differences between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa''===

In 2022, studies found that plants identified as "indica" or "sativa" based on common methods of differentiation (e.g. plant height or leaf shape) are not, in fact, chemically distinguishable, with many identified as "sativa" having cannabinoid ratios predicted of "indica" plants and vice versa. The authors have concluded that the chemical makeup of cannabis plants cannot be reliably determined by simple inspection of the plants' physical characteristics and that the "indica" and "sativa" labels are not informative as to the cannabinoids (or other chemical components) delivered.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0267498| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 17| issue = 5| pages = –0267498| last1 = Smith| first1 = Christiana J.| last2 = Vergara| first2 = Daniela| last3 = Keegan| first3 = Brian| last4 = Jikomes| first4 = Nick| title = The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2022| pmid = 35588111| pmc = 9119530| bibcode = 2022PLoSO..1767498S| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1664-462X| volume = 13| last1 = Murovec| first1 = Jana| last2 = Eržen| first2 = Jan Jurij| last3 = Flajšman| first3 = Marko| last4 = Vodnik| first4 = Dominik| title = Analysis of Morphological Traits, Cannabinoid Profiles, THCAS Gene Sequences, and Photosynthesis in Wide and Narrow Leaflet High-Cannabidiol Breeding Populations of Medical Cannabis| journal = Frontiers in Plant Science| date = 2022| page = 786161| doi = 10.3389/fpls.2022.786161| pmid = 35283868| pmc = 8907982| doi-access = free}}</ref>

===Phytocannabinoids===

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|{{effects/physical|

*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''<ref name="Robson2001"/> - ~~Although certain strains of cannabis ([[Cannabis#Strains and forms|e.g. sativas]])~~ produce a mild sense of [[Stimulation|stimulation]] at low to moderate doses, its effects are primarily sedating and can even be [[hypnotic]]. These relaxing properties are suppressed by consciously forcing oneself to engage in physical activities. <p>In terms of its stimulating effects, these subjective aspects of THC typically last 2-3 hours, whereas the half-life of CBD, which is more relaxing, is 9 hours.<ref name="MechoulamParker2002">{{cite journal|last1=Mechoulam|first1=Raphael|last2=Parker|first2=Linda A.|last3=Gallily|first3=Ruth|title=Cannabidiol: An Overview of Some Pharmacological Aspects|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=42|issue=S1|year=2002|pages=11S–19S|issn=00912700|doi=10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x}}</ref> Thus, the first dose of cannabis after a period of abstinence will tend to be far more stimulating than subsequent doses, which must compete with the relaxing effects of previous doses. <p>Because the relaxation both persists much longer and shares many of the same pathways as the stimulation, regular ingestion of THC also leads to increased tolerance to its stimulating effects, but not to its relaxing effects.{{citation needed}}

*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''<ref name="Robson2001"/> - cananbis may produce a mild sense of [[Stimulation|stimulation]] at low to moderate doses, its effects are primarily sedating and can even be [[hypnotic]]. These relaxing properties are suppressed by consciously forcing oneself to engage in physical activities. <p>In terms of its stimulating effects, these subjective aspects of THC typically last 2-3 hours, whereas the half-life of CBD, which is more relaxing, is 9 hours.<ref name="MechoulamParker2002">{{cite journal|last1=Mechoulam|first1=Raphael|last2=Parker|first2=Linda A.|last3=Gallily|first3=Ruth|title=Cannabidiol: An Overview of Some Pharmacological Aspects|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=42|issue=S1|year=2002|pages=11S–19S|issn=00912700|doi=10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x}}</ref> Thus, the first dose of cannabis after a period of abstinence will tend to be far more stimulating than subsequent doses, which must compete with the relaxing effects of previous doses. <p>Because the relaxation both persists much longer and shares many of the same pathways as the stimulation, regular ingestion of THC also leads to increased tolerance to its stimulating effects, but not to its relaxing effects.{{citation needed}}

*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of cannabis is extremely variable and depends entirely on the individual strain as well as dose and method of intake. In general, however, it can be described as a relatively pleasurable, sometimes warm, soft, intoxicating and all-encompassing sensation. At high dosages, it can cause some users to feel shaky or nerve-wracked.

*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - The feeling of increased appetite following the use of cannabis has been documented for hundreds of years<ref>{{cite book | veditors=((Mechoulam, R.)) | date= 1986 | title=Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849357725}}</ref> and is known colloquially as "the munchies". Cannabis has been shown in recent studies to stimulate the release of the hormone ghrelin which is normally released by the stomach when empty as a signal for the brain to search for food.<ref>Investigating the Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Controls of Cannabis-Induced Feeding Behavior. JF Davis, PQ Choi, J Kunze, P Wahl, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA. Presented July 2018, Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior, Bonita Springs, FL.</ref>

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 [[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[Visual disconnection|visual disconnection]], and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.
-Lower doses are associated with relaxing effects similar to a [[depressant]]. Higher doses are associated with mild-to-moderate [[hallucinogenic]] effects such as [[geometry|visual hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]] and [[time distortion]], as well as a greater risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[delusions]] (generally more prevalent with sativa strains).
+Lower doses are associated with relaxing effects similar to a [[depressant]]. Higher doses are associated with mild-to-moderate [[hallucinogenic]] effects such as [[geometry|visual hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]] and [[time distortion]], as well as a greater risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[delusions]].
 Cannabis is considered to have low to moderate abuse potential.{{citation needed}} Chronic use is associated with escalating tolerance and psychological dependence in some individuals.{{citation needed}} It has very low physical toxicity and is essentially impossible to physically overdose on. However, it is capable of exacerbating certain mental health symptoms like [[delusions]] or [[psychosis]] in predisposed individuals (see [[cannabis#toxicity and harm potential|this section]]).{{citation needed}}
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ==Chemistry==
 Cannabis plants contain a number of different specific compounds at various ratios. Cannabis contains more than 460 compounds;<ref name="Ben2006">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ben Amar, M.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Cannabinoids in medicine: A review of their therapeutic potential | volume=105 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–25 | date= April 2006 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874106000821 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.001}}</ref> at least 80 of these are [[cannabinoid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Downer, E. J.)), ((Campbell, V. A.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Review | title=Phytocannabinoids, CNS cells and development: A dead issue?: Phytocannabinoids have neurotoxic properties | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=91–98 | date=5 August 2009 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x | issn=09595236 | doi=10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Burns, T. L.)), ((Ineck, J. R.)) | journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy | title=Cannabinoid Analgesia as a Potential New Therapeutic Option in the Treatment of Chronic Pain | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=251–260 | date= February 2006 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1345/aph.1G217 | issn=1060-0280 | doi=10.1345/aph.1G217}}</ref> chemical compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors in the brain.<ref name="Borgelt2013">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Borgelt, L. M.)), ((Franson, K. L.)), ((Nussbaum, A. M.)), ((Wang, G. S.)) | journal=Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy | title=The Pharmacologic and Clinical Effects of Medical Cannabis | volume=33 | issue=2 | pages=195–209 | date= February 2013 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.1187 | issn=02770008 | doi=10.1002/phar.1187}}</ref>  The most common cannabinoids are listed below:
+===Hypothetical differences between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa''===
+In 2022, studies found that plants identified as "indica" or "sativa" based on common methods of differentiation (e.g. plant height or leaf shape) are not, in fact, chemically distinguishable, with many identified as "sativa" having cannabinoid ratios predicted of "indica" plants and vice versa. The authors have concluded that the chemical makeup of cannabis plants cannot be reliably determined by simple inspection of the plants' physical characteristics and that the "indica" and "sativa" labels are not informative as to the cannabinoids (or other chemical components) delivered.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0267498| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 17| issue = 5| pages = –0267498| last1 = Smith| first1 = Christiana J.| last2 = Vergara| first2 = Daniela| last3 = Keegan| first3 = Brian| last4 = Jikomes| first4 = Nick| title = The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2022| pmid = 35588111| pmc = 9119530| bibcode = 2022PLoSO..1767498S| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1664-462X| volume = 13| last1 = Murovec| first1 = Jana| last2 = Eržen| first2 = Jan Jurij| last3 = Flajšman| first3 = Marko| last4 = Vodnik| first4 = Dominik| title = Analysis of Morphological Traits, Cannabinoid Profiles, THCAS Gene Sequences, and Photosynthesis in Wide and Narrow Leaflet High-Cannabidiol Breeding Populations of Medical Cannabis| journal = Frontiers in Plant Science| date = 2022| page = 786161| doi = 10.3389/fpls.2022.786161| pmid = 35283868| pmc = 8907982| doi-access = free}}</ref>
 ===Phytocannabinoids===
@@ Line 74: / Line 77: @@
 |{{effects/physical|
-*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''<ref name="Robson2001"/> - Although certain strains of cannabis ([[Cannabis#Strains and forms|e.g. sativas]]) produce a mild sense of [[Stimulation|stimulation]] at low to moderate doses, its effects are primarily sedating and can even be [[hypnotic]]. These relaxing properties are suppressed by consciously forcing oneself to engage in physical activities. <p>In terms of its stimulating effects, these subjective aspects of THC typically last 2-3 hours, whereas the half-life of CBD, which is more relaxing, is 9 hours.<ref name="MechoulamParker2002">{{cite journal|last1=Mechoulam|first1=Raphael|last2=Parker|first2=Linda A.|last3=Gallily|first3=Ruth|title=Cannabidiol: An Overview of Some Pharmacological Aspects|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=42|issue=S1|year=2002|pages=11S–19S|issn=00912700|doi=10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x}}</ref> Thus, the first dose of cannabis after a period of abstinence will tend to be far more stimulating than subsequent doses, which must compete with the relaxing effects of previous doses. <p>Because the relaxation both persists much longer and shares many of the same pathways as the stimulation, regular ingestion of THC also leads to increased tolerance to its stimulating effects, but not to its relaxing effects.{{citation needed}}
+*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''<ref name="Robson2001"/> - cananbis may produce a mild sense of [[Stimulation|stimulation]] at low to moderate doses, its effects are primarily sedating and can even be [[hypnotic]]. These relaxing properties are suppressed by consciously forcing oneself to engage in physical activities. <p>In terms of its stimulating effects, these subjective aspects of THC typically last 2-3 hours, whereas the half-life of CBD, which is more relaxing, is 9 hours.<ref name="MechoulamParker2002">{{cite journal|last1=Mechoulam|first1=Raphael|last2=Parker|first2=Linda A.|last3=Gallily|first3=Ruth|title=Cannabidiol: An Overview of Some Pharmacological Aspects|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=42|issue=S1|year=2002|pages=11S–19S|issn=00912700|doi=10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x}}</ref> Thus, the first dose of cannabis after a period of abstinence will tend to be far more stimulating than subsequent doses, which must compete with the relaxing effects of previous doses. <p>Because the relaxation both persists much longer and shares many of the same pathways as the stimulation, regular ingestion of THC also leads to increased tolerance to its stimulating effects, but not to its relaxing effects.{{citation needed}}
 *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of cannabis is extremely variable and depends entirely on the individual strain as well as dose and method of intake. In general, however, it can be described as a relatively pleasurable, sometimes warm, soft, intoxicating and all-encompassing sensation. At high dosages, it can cause some users to feel shaky or nerve-wracked.
 *'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - The feeling of increased appetite following the use of cannabis has been documented for hundreds of years<ref>{{cite book | veditors=((Mechoulam, R.)) | date= 1986 | title=Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849357725}}</ref> and is known colloquially as "the munchies". Cannabis has been shown in recent studies to stimulate the release of the hormone ghrelin which is normally released by the stomach when empty as a signal for the brain to search for food.<ref>Investigating the Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Controls of Cannabis-Induced Feeding Behavior. JF Davis, PQ Choi, J Kunze, P Wahl, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA. Presented July 2018, Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior, Bonita Springs, FL.</ref>