Safer injection guide: Difference between revisions

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===Substances that are dangerous to inject===

* '''Substances that are never safe to inject''' - For example, [[hydroxyzine]] (brand name Atarax, and Vistaril): "The drug is not recommended for IV, IA, or SC administration because of adverse reactions that have occurred after its administration via these routes."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroxyzine - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hydroxyzine |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref><ref>https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00557</ref>

* '''Substances that are never safe to inject''' - For example, [[hydroxyzine]] (brand name Atarax, and Vistaril): "The drug is not recommended for {{abbr|SC|subcutaneous}}, {{abbr {{abbr|IA|intra-articular}}, or {{abbr|SC|subcutaneous}} administration because of adverse reactions that have occurred after its administration via these routes."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroxyzine - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hydroxyzine |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref><ref>https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00557</ref>

*'''Increased risk of [[Drug overdose|overdose]]''' - This risk is especially present with [[opiates]] such as [[heroin]]. If one is injecting opiates, it is important to have [[naloxone]] available, if possible, as this can reverse the effects of an opiate [[drug overdose]] if administered quickly.<ref>Overdose Prevention For Injection Drug Users (drugpolicy.org) | http://www.drugpolicy.org/resource/overdose-prevention-injection-drug-users</ref> The risk of fatal overdoses rise sharply after a period of cessation and [[relapse]], largely because of reduced tolerance.<ref>Why Heroin Relapse Often Ends In Death - Lauren F Friedman (Business Insider) | http://www.businessinsider.com.au/philip-seymour-hoffman-overdose-2014-2</ref> To account for this lack of tolerance, it is safer to only dose a small fraction of one's usual [[dosage]] if relapsing after an extended break. It has also been found that the environment one is in can play a role fatal overdosing. In one scientific study, rats were significantly more likely to die after receiving their dose in an environment not associated with the drug in contrast to a familiar environment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Siegel, S.)), ((Hinson, R. E.)), ((Krank, M. D.)), ((McCully, J.)) | journal=Science | title=Heroin “Overdose” Death: Contribution of Drug-Associated Environmental Cues | volume=216 | issue=4544 | pages=436–437 | date=23 April 1982 | url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7200260 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.7200260}}</ref> Other drugs are conditionally intramuscularly self-injected to prevent intravenous complications that can be prevented in a hospital setting. For example, [[ketamine]] taken intravenously quicker than 1.5 minute can cause breathing depression for short time (up to a minute).<ref>Ketamine: Dreams and Realities, p276</ref>

* '''Poor water solubility''' - Avoid heating up solutions of substances with poor water solubility (yohimbine, and [[caffeine]], for example), because they will go back to their solid state once you have injected them into the body. Dilute them with more water and use larger volume syringes if needed.

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 ===Substances that are dangerous to inject===
-* '''Substances that are never safe to inject''' - For example, [[hydroxyzine]] (brand name Atarax, and Vistaril): "The drug is not recommended for IV, IA, or SC administration because of adverse reactions that have occurred after its administration via these routes."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroxyzine - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hydroxyzine |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref><ref>https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00557</ref><!-- Added to: Routes of administration, Safer injection guide -->
+* '''Substances that are never safe to inject''' - For example, [[hydroxyzine]] (brand name Atarax, and Vistaril): "The drug is not recommended for {{abbr|SC|subcutaneous}}, {{abbr {{abbr|IA|intra-articular}}, or {{abbr|SC|subcutaneous}} administration because of adverse reactions that have occurred after its administration via these routes."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroxyzine - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hydroxyzine |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref><ref>https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00557</ref><!-- Added to: Routes of administration, Safer injection guide -->
 *'''Increased risk of [[Drug overdose|overdose]]''' - This risk is especially present with [[opiates]] such as [[heroin]]. If one is injecting opiates, it is important to have [[naloxone]] available, if possible, as this can reverse the effects of an opiate [[drug overdose]] if administered quickly.<ref>Overdose Prevention For Injection Drug Users (drugpolicy.org) | http://www.drugpolicy.org/resource/overdose-prevention-injection-drug-users</ref> The risk of fatal overdoses rise sharply after a period of cessation and [[relapse]], largely because of reduced tolerance.<ref>Why Heroin Relapse Often Ends In Death - Lauren F Friedman (Business Insider) | http://www.businessinsider.com.au/philip-seymour-hoffman-overdose-2014-2</ref> To account for this lack of tolerance, it is safer to only dose a small fraction of one's usual [[dosage]] if relapsing after an extended break. It has also been found that the environment one is in can play a role fatal overdosing. In one scientific study, rats were significantly more likely to die after receiving their dose in an environment not associated with the drug in contrast to a familiar environment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Siegel, S.)), ((Hinson, R. E.)), ((Krank, M. D.)), ((McCully, J.)) | journal=Science | title=Heroin “Overdose” Death: Contribution of Drug-Associated Environmental Cues | volume=216 | issue=4544 | pages=436–437 | date=23 April 1982 | url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7200260 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.7200260}}</ref> Other drugs are conditionally intramuscularly self-injected to prevent intravenous complications that can be prevented in a hospital setting. For example, [[ketamine]] taken intravenously quicker than 1.5 minute can cause breathing depression for short time (up to a minute).<ref>Ketamine: Dreams and Realities, p276</ref>
 * '''Poor water solubility''' - Avoid heating up solutions of substances with poor water solubility (yohimbine, and [[caffeine]], for example), because they will go back to their solid state once you have injected them into the body. Dilute them with more water and use larger volume syringes if needed.