Cannabis: Difference between revisions

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'''Cannabis''' (also known as '''thc''','''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword">{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Marijuana (word) | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijuana_(word)&oldid=1097216058}}</ref> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed">{{Citation | title=Definition of WEED | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weed}}</ref> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot">{{Citation | title=Definition of POT | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pot}}</ref>, '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass">{{Citation | title=Definition of GRASS | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grass}}</ref> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp">{{Citation | title=Definition of HEMP | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemp}}</ref> and many others) is a preparation of the cannabis plant that produces psychoactive effects when consumed (via [[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], or [[oral|ingestion]]). It is the most used illicit substance in the world.<ref name="ErowidCannabisVaultLegalStatus">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Legal Status | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_law.shtml}}</ref><ref name="WDR-2010">{{Citation | title=WDR-2010 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html}}</ref> The mechanism of action is [[agonist|binding activity]] at [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]] distributed throughout the body.{{citation needed}}

'''Cannabis''' (also known as '''thc''', '''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword">{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Marijuana (word) | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijuana_(word)&oldid=1097216058}}</ref> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed">{{Citation | title=Definition of WEED | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weed}}</ref> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot">{{Citation | title=Definition of POT | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pot}}</ref> '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass">{{Citation | title=Definition of GRASS | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grass}}</ref> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp">{{Citation | title=Definition of HEMP | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemp}}</ref> and many others) is a preparation of the cannabis plant that produces psychoactive effects when consumed (via [[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], or [[oral|ingestion]]). It is the most used illicit substance in the world.<ref name="ErowidCannabisVaultLegalStatus">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Legal Status | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_law.shtml}}</ref><ref name="WDR-2010">{{Citation | title=WDR-2010 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html}}</ref> The mechanism of action is [[agonist|binding activity]] at [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]] distributed throughout the body.{{citation needed}}

The principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which makes up one of 483 known compounds in the plant,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Russo, E. B.)) | date=5 September 2013 | title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential | publisher=Routledge | isbn=9781136614934}}</ref> including at least 84 other [[Chemical class::cannabinoid|cannabinoids]] such as [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((El-Alfy, A. T.)), ((Ivey, K.)), ((Robinson, K.)), ((Ahmed, S.)), ((Radwan, M.)), ((Slade, D.)), ((Khan, I.)), ((ElSohly, M.)), ((Ross, S.)) | journal=Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior | title=Antidepressant-like effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L | volume=95 | issue=4 | pages=434–442 | date= June 2010 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866040/ | issn=0091-3057 | doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fusar-Poli, P.)), ((Crippa, J. A.)), ((Bhattacharyya, S.)), ((Borgwardt, S. J.)), ((Allen, P.)), ((Martin-Santos, R.)), ((Seal, M.)), ((Surguladze, S. A.)), ((O’Carrol, C.)), ((Atakan, Z.)), ((Zuardi, A. W.)), ((McGuire, P. K.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Distinct Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing | volume=66 | issue=1 | pages=95 | date=1 January 2009 | url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482939 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519}}</ref> and cannabigerol (CBG). At least three species are recognized: ''Cannabis sativa'', ''Cannabis indica'', and ''Cannabis ruderalis''.{{citation needed}}

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The earliest recorded uses of cannabis date from the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Booth, M.)) | date=30 September 2011 | title=Cannabis: A History | publisher=Random House | isbn=9781409084891}}</ref> In modern times, cannabis is used for [[recreational drug use|recreational]] or medicinal and religious or spiritual purposes.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Clarke, P. B.)) | date= 1986 | title=Black paradise: the Rastafarian movement | publisher=Aquarian Pr | series=New Religious Movements Series | isbn=9780850304282}}</ref> It played a central role in the 1960s youth counterculture movement and is associated with the art and music of this era.{{citation needed}}

[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[visual, disconnection]] and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.

[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[Visual disconnection|visual disconnection]], and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.

Lower doses are associated with relaxing effects similar to a [[depressant]]. Higher doses are associated with mild-to-moderate [[hallucinogenic]] effects such as [[geometry|visual hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]] and [[time distortion]], as well as a greater risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[delusions]] (generally more prevalent with sativa strains).

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*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' - The internal hallucinations of cannabis are extremely variable in their appearance depending on the dosage, tolerance and the individual's brain chemistry. They are very inconsistent and for some even rare but can be described as being fainter in appearance when compared to traditional [[psychedelics]] and do not seem to be as regularly composed of visual [[geometry]]. <p>The most common way in which they manifest themselves is through [[Lucid dreaming#Fully defined hypnagogia |hypnagogic]] scenarios. They are most common during high dosages in dark environments and can be comprehensively described through their [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as both lucid and delirious in believability, fixed in style, autonomous in controllability, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content and are primarily [[geometry]]-based in style.

*'''[[Effect::Peripheral information misinterpretation]]''' - This very inconsistent effect tends to be mild and fleeting in contrast to other more powerful [[psychoactive substances]]. This effect rarely occurs on cannabis alone but when it does it is often in high dosages and/or when the individual has a low tolerance. It is more likely to manifest itself in certain environments as opposed to others and is more likely to happen if one has used stronger substances recently, typically within the past 24 to 36 hours.

*'''[[~~Effect:: visual,~~ disconnection,]]'''

*'''[[Visual disconnection]]'''

}}

|{{effects/cognitive|

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 {{SubstanceBox/Cannabis}}
-'''Cannabis''' (also known as '''thc''','''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword">{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Marijuana (word) | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijuana_(word)&oldid=1097216058}}</ref> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed">{{Citation | title=Definition of WEED | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weed}}</ref> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot">{{Citation | title=Definition of POT | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pot}}</ref>, '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass">{{Citation | title=Definition of GRASS | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grass}}</ref> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp">{{Citation | title=Definition of HEMP | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemp}}</ref> and many others) is a preparation of the cannabis plant that produces psychoactive effects when consumed (via [[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], or [[oral|ingestion]]). It is the most used illicit substance in the world.<ref name="ErowidCannabisVaultLegalStatus">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Legal Status | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_law.shtml}}</ref><ref name="WDR-2010">{{Citation | title=WDR-2010 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html}}</ref> The mechanism of action is [[agonist|binding activity]] at [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]] distributed throughout the body.{{citation needed}}
+'''Cannabis''' (also known as '''thc''', '''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword">{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Marijuana (word) | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijuana_(word)&oldid=1097216058}}</ref> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed">{{Citation | title=Definition of WEED | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weed}}</ref> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot">{{Citation | title=Definition of POT | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pot}}</ref> '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass">{{Citation | title=Definition of GRASS | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grass}}</ref> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp">{{Citation | title=Definition of HEMP | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemp}}</ref> and many others) is a preparation of the cannabis plant that produces psychoactive effects when consumed (via [[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], or [[oral|ingestion]]). It is the most used illicit substance in the world.<ref name="ErowidCannabisVaultLegalStatus">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Legal Status | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_law.shtml}}</ref><ref name="WDR-2010">{{Citation | title=WDR-2010 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html}}</ref> The mechanism of action is [[agonist|binding activity]] at [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]] distributed throughout the body.{{citation needed}}
 The principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which makes up one of 483 known compounds in the plant,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Russo, E. B.)) | date=5 September 2013 | title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential | publisher=Routledge | isbn=9781136614934}}</ref> including at least 84 other [[Chemical class::cannabinoid|cannabinoids]] such as [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((El-Alfy, A. T.)), ((Ivey, K.)), ((Robinson, K.)), ((Ahmed, S.)), ((Radwan, M.)), ((Slade, D.)), ((Khan, I.)), ((ElSohly, M.)), ((Ross, S.)) | journal=Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior | title=Antidepressant-like effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L | volume=95 | issue=4 | pages=434–442 | date= June 2010 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866040/ | issn=0091-3057 | doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fusar-Poli, P.)), ((Crippa, J. A.)), ((Bhattacharyya, S.)), ((Borgwardt, S. J.)), ((Allen, P.)), ((Martin-Santos, R.)), ((Seal, M.)), ((Surguladze, S. A.)), ((O’Carrol, C.)), ((Atakan, Z.)), ((Zuardi, A. W.)), ((McGuire, P. K.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Distinct Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing | volume=66 | issue=1 | pages=95 | date=1 January 2009 | url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482939 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519}}</ref> and cannabigerol (CBG). At least three species are recognized: ''Cannabis sativa'', ''Cannabis indica'', and ''Cannabis ruderalis''.{{citation needed}}
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 The earliest recorded uses of cannabis date from the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Booth, M.)) | date=30 September 2011 | title=Cannabis: A History | publisher=Random House | isbn=9781409084891}}</ref> In modern times, cannabis is used for [[recreational drug use|recreational]] or medicinal and religious or spiritual purposes.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Clarke, P. B.)) | date= 1986 | title=Black paradise: the Rastafarian movement | publisher=Aquarian Pr | series=New Religious Movements Series | isbn=9780850304282}}</ref> It played a central role in the 1960s youth counterculture movement and is associated with the art and music of this era.{{citation needed}}
-[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[visual, disconnection]] and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.
+[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[Visual disconnection|visual disconnection]], and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.
 Lower doses are associated with relaxing effects similar to a [[depressant]]. Higher doses are associated with mild-to-moderate [[hallucinogenic]] effects such as [[geometry|visual hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]] and [[time distortion]], as well as a greater risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[delusions]] (generally more prevalent with sativa strains).
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 *'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' - The internal hallucinations of cannabis are extremely variable in their appearance depending on the dosage, tolerance and the individual's brain chemistry. They are very inconsistent and for some even rare but can be described as being fainter in appearance when compared to traditional [[psychedelics]] and do not seem to be as regularly composed of visual [[geometry]]. <p>The most common way in which they manifest themselves is through [[Lucid dreaming#Fully defined hypnagogia |hypnagogic]] scenarios. They are most common during high dosages in dark environments and can be comprehensively described through their [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as both lucid and delirious in believability, fixed in style, autonomous in controllability, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content and are primarily [[geometry]]-based in style.
 *'''[[Effect::Peripheral information misinterpretation]]''' - This very inconsistent effect tends to be mild and fleeting in contrast to other more powerful [[psychoactive substances]]. This effect rarely occurs on cannabis alone but when it does it is often in high dosages and/or when the individual has a low tolerance. It is more likely to manifest itself in certain environments as opposed to others and is more likely to happen if one has used stronger substances recently, typically within the past 24 to 36 hours.
-*'''[[Effect:: visual, disconnection,]]'''
+*'''[[Visual disconnection]]'''
 }}
 |{{effects/cognitive|