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Methoxetamine: Difference between revisions
>Neurofoxic MXE's legal status had changed from being unscheduled to being placed under schedule I by the DEA a few months ago. Citation included. |
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MXE was originally developed through the use of intelligent drug design, as a potential treatment for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_pain Phantom Limb Syndrome] among other ailments.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Morris, H.)) | year=2011 | title=Interview with a Ketamine Chemist | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ppzgk9/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2}}</ref> | MXE was originally developed through the use of intelligent drug design, as a potential treatment for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_pain Phantom Limb Syndrome] among other ailments.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Morris, H.)) | year=2011 | title=Interview with a Ketamine Chemist | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ppzgk9/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2}}</ref> | ||
MXE had no documented history of human usage until it was first identified by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in November 2010. By July 2011, they had identified 58 websites selling the compound at the cost of 145–195 euros for 10 grams.<ref>Online sales of new psychoactive substances/‘legal | MXE had no documented history of human usage until it was first identified by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in November 2010. By July 2011, they had identified 58 websites selling the compound at the cost of 145–195 euros for 10 grams.<ref>Online sales of new psychoactive substances/‘legal highs' | http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_143801_EN_SnapshotSummary.pdf</ref> Once highly popular, it is now thought to be extinct on the online [[research chemical]] market due to the global ban of the drug. | ||
Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MXE in humans, and it has a limited history of human use. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MXE in humans, and it has a limited history of human use. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | ||
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==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}} | {{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}} | ||
MXE acts as a non-competitive [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] and [[serotonin]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]].<ref name="ACMDMXE2012" / | MXE acts as a non-competitive [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] and [[serotonin]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]].<ref name="ACMDMXE2012"/></ref> NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the famous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-hole "k-hole"]. MXE was reported to be similar to [[Ketamine|ketamine]] <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kjellgren, A.)), ((Jonsson, K.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet | volume=45 | issue=3 | pages=276–286 | date=1 July 2013 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2013.803647 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2013.803647}}</ref>, despite being stronger and having a longer duration. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Coppola, M.)), ((Mondola, R.)) | journal=Medical Hypotheses | title=Methoxetamine: From drug of abuse to rapid-acting antidepressant | volume=79 | issue=4 | pages=504–507 | date= October 2012 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030698771200312X | issn=03069877 | doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.002}}</ref> | ||
Because of its structural similarity to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-HO-PCP 3-HO-PCP], it was falsely believed to carry [[opioid]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morris, H.)), ((Wallach, J.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs: PCP to MXE | volume=6 | issue=7–8 | pages=614–632 | date= July 2014 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1620 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}</ref> This claim cannot be supported by actual data, instead showing only insignificant affinity for the µ-opioid receptor by the substance itself, although in-vivo metabolites could yield different effects.<ref name="ACMDMXE2012" /> | Because of its structural similarity to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-HO-PCP 3-HO-PCP], it was falsely believed to carry [[opioid]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morris, H.)), ((Wallach, J.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs: PCP to MXE | volume=6 | issue=7–8 | pages=614–632 | date= July 2014 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1620 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}</ref> This claim cannot be supported by actual data, instead showing only insignificant affinity for the µ-opioid receptor by the substance itself, although in-vivo metabolites could yield different effects.<ref name="ACMDMXE2012"/> | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
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*'''Turkey''': Methoxetamine is regulated under the Law on Control of Narcotics no. 2313.<ref name="JointReport" /> | *'''Turkey''': Methoxetamine is regulated under the Law on Control of Narcotics no. 2313.<ref name="JointReport" /> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': MXE is a Class B drug.{{citation needed}} | *'''United Kingdom''': MXE is a Class B drug.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''United States''': | *'''United States''': MXE is not illegal, however, if it is sold with the intention for human consumption (such as in capsules) it becomes illegal to possess under the Federal Analogue Act. This is avoided by placing the label "not for human consumption" on the container of the chemical.{{citation needed}} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||