Cannabis: Difference between revisions

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Cannabis is considered to have low to moderate abuse potential.{{citation needed}} Chronic use is associated with escalating tolerance and psychological dependence in some individuals.{{citation needed}} It has very low physical toxicity and is essentially impossible to physically overdose on. However, it is capable of exacerbating certain mental health symptoms like [[delusions]] or [[psychosis]] in predisposed individuals (see [[cannabis#toxicity and harm potential|this section]]).{{citation needed}}

Long-term cannabis ~~use may be~~ associated with negative cognitive effects such as brain fog, lowered motivation, difficulty learning, and inattention. ~~However, such~~ effects are typically reversible with tapered use, time off, and ~~maintaining mindfulness~~ of ~~potential adverse effects~~.<~~ref~~>~~Cognitive~~ effects ~~in midlife~~ of long-term cannabis use - ~~Harvard Health~~</ref>

Long-term cannabis has been associated with negative cognitive effects such as brain fog, lowered motivation, difficulty learning, and inattention. These effects are typically reversible with tapered use and time off.<ref>Kevin Hill, MD, and MD Michael Hsu. “Cognitive Effects in Midlife of Long-Term Cannabis Use.” ''Harvard Health'', 14 June 2022, <nowiki>https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cognitive-effects-of-long-term-cannabis-use-in-midlife-202206142760</nowiki>.</ref>

Cannabis use during brain development (including during pregnancy and adolescence) has been shown to interfere with a variety of neurobiological systems. Meta-analysis following ~5 weeks of abstinence shows lasting changes in the central executive and default mode networks, which are involved in attention and working memory. The extent of these changes as risk factors is not entirely clear.<ref>Hurd, Yasmin L., et al. “Cannabis and the Developing Brain: Insights into Its Long-Lasting Effects.” ''Journal of Neuroscience'', Society for Neuroscience, 16 Oct. 2019, <nowiki>https://www.jneurosci.org/content/39/42/8250</nowiki>.</ref>

It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

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Math to calculate the quantity needed weed: Desired THC from divided by the THC strength of the strain. For example, if you want to smoke 3 mg (a common dose) from cannabis with 12% THC:

: 3 mg / 12% = 3/0.12 = 25 mg

:3 mg / 12% = 3/0.12 = 25 mg

==Strains and forms==

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One study found that about 1 in 10 users of cannabis may develop dependence characterized by the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome after abstinence. This withdrawal syndrome was found to peak 2-3 days after quitting and is mostly complete by 1 week; however, sleep disturbances and vivid dreams may persist for 2-3 weeks.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Winstock, A. R.)), ((Ford, C.)), ((Witton, J.)) | journal=BMJ | title=Assessment and management of cannabis use disorders in primary care | volume=340 | issue=apr01 1 | pages=c1571–c1571 | date=1 April 2010 | url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.c1571 | issn=0959-8138 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c1571}}</ref>

~~===Vitamin deficiency===~~

~~The use of cannabis and other THC-containing products has been linked to a higher risk of vitamin deficiency (also known as avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis) than in non-users.~~

There is a study published in 2019 that, shows a link between the use of THC-containing drugs and antioxidants level drop (vitamins C and E)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ezeugwunne I P)), ((Okwara J E)), ((Onogwu S)), ((Ogbodo E C)) | journal=Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences | title=Effect of cannabis smoking on Vitamin C and E levels of male cannabis smokers in Nnewi, Nigeria | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=15-18 | date=2019 | url=https://www.ipinnovative.com/journals/PJMS/article-details/9174/volume/272/issue/714}}</ref>. Considering that some carotenoids are converted to vitamin A (retinol) in the body, anticxidand deficiency can also cause retinol deficiency that impedes liver function, causing nutrients (including vitamins) to have lower absorption, which in itself causes even more major vitamin deficiency, triggering a feedback loop. This state can be dangerous, even life-threatening.

Another study has concluded, that heavy THC smokers have a lower baseline level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Antonia Sophocleous, PhD)), ((Roy Robertson, MD)), ((Nuno B. Ferreira, PhD)), ((James McKenzie, RGN)), ((William D. Fraser, MD)), ((Stuart H. Ralston, MD)) | journal=The American Journal of Medicine | title=Heavy Cannabis Use Is Associated With Low Bone Mineral Density and an Increased Risk of Fractures | volume=130 | issue=2 | pages=241-221 | date=February 2017 | url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(16)30851-8/fulltext | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.034}}</ref>

~~Considering that vitamin deficiency can be dangerous, a vitamin supplementation is advised for THC users, during and/or after use.~~

Though some combinations might be in itself harmful, cannabis users should be cautious. As, for example, there is some evidence of side effects of taking THC with vitamin D supplements. <ref>{{Citation | title=Vitamin D and Weed | url=https://www.worldsbest.rehab/vitamin-d-and-weed/}}</ref>

===Dangerous interactions===

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 Cannabis is considered to have low to moderate abuse potential.{{citation needed}} Chronic use is associated with escalating tolerance and psychological dependence in some individuals.{{citation needed}} It has very low physical toxicity and is essentially impossible to physically overdose on. However, it is capable of exacerbating certain mental health symptoms like [[delusions]] or [[psychosis]] in predisposed individuals (see [[cannabis#toxicity and harm potential|this section]]).{{citation needed}}
-Long-term cannabis use may be associated with negative cognitive effects such as brain fog, lowered motivation, difficulty learning, and inattention. However, such effects are typically reversible with tapered use, time off, and maintaining mindfulness of potential adverse effects.<ref>Cognitive effects in midlife of long-term cannabis use - Harvard Health</ref>
+Long-term cannabis has been associated with negative cognitive effects such as brain fog, lowered motivation, difficulty learning, and inattention. These effects are typically reversible with tapered use and time off.<ref>Kevin Hill, MD, and MD Michael Hsu. “Cognitive Effects in Midlife of Long-Term Cannabis Use.” ''Harvard Health'', 14 June 2022, <nowiki>https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cognitive-effects-of-long-term-cannabis-use-in-midlife-202206142760</nowiki>.</ref>
+Cannabis use during brain development (including during pregnancy and adolescence) has been shown to interfere with a variety of neurobiological systems. Meta-analysis following ~5 weeks of abstinence shows lasting changes in the central executive and default mode networks, which are involved in attention and working memory. The extent of these changes as risk factors is not entirely clear.<ref>Hurd, Yasmin L., et al. “Cannabis and the Developing Brain: Insights into Its Long-Lasting Effects.” ''Journal of Neuroscience'', Society for Neuroscience, 16 Oct. 2019, <nowiki>https://www.jneurosci.org/content/39/42/8250</nowiki>.</ref>
 It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
@@ Line 175: / Line 177: @@
 Math to calculate the quantity needed weed: Desired THC from divided by the THC strength of the strain. For example, if you want to smoke 3 mg (a common dose) from cannabis with 12% THC:
-: 3 mg / 12% = 3/0.12 = 25 mg
+:3 mg / 12% = 3/0.12 = 25 mg
 ==Strains and forms==
@@ Line 286: / Line 289: @@
 One study found that about 1 in 10 users of cannabis may develop dependence characterized by the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome after abstinence. This withdrawal syndrome was found to peak 2-3 days after quitting and is mostly complete by 1 week; however, sleep disturbances and vivid dreams may persist for 2-3 weeks.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Winstock, A. R.)), ((Ford, C.)), ((Witton, J.)) | journal=BMJ | title=Assessment and management of cannabis use disorders in primary care | volume=340 | issue=apr01 1 | pages=c1571–c1571 | date=1 April 2010 | url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.c1571 | issn=0959-8138 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c1571}}</ref>
-===Vitamin deficiency===
-The use of cannabis and other THC-containing products has been linked to a higher risk of vitamin deficiency (also known as avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis) than in non-users.
-There is a study published in 2019 that, shows a link between the use of THC-containing drugs and antioxidants level drop (vitamins C and E)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ezeugwunne I P)), ((Okwara J E)), ((Onogwu S)), ((Ogbodo E C)) | journal=Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences | title=Effect of cannabis smoking on Vitamin C and E levels of male cannabis smokers in Nnewi, Nigeria | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=15-18 | date=2019 | url=https://www.ipinnovative.com/journals/PJMS/article-details/9174/volume/272/issue/714}}</ref>. Considering that some carotenoids are converted to vitamin A (retinol) in the body, anticxidand deficiency can also cause retinol deficiency that impedes liver function, causing nutrients (including vitamins) to have lower absorption, which in itself causes even more major vitamin deficiency, triggering a feedback loop. This state can be dangerous, even life-threatening.
-Another study has concluded, that heavy THC smokers have a lower baseline level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Antonia Sophocleous, PhD)), ((Roy Robertson, MD)), ((Nuno B. Ferreira, PhD)), ((James McKenzie, RGN)), ((William D. Fraser, MD)), ((Stuart H. Ralston, MD)) | journal=The American Journal of Medicine | title=Heavy Cannabis Use Is Associated With Low Bone Mineral Density and an Increased Risk of Fractures | volume=130 | issue=2 | pages=241-221 | date=February 2017 | url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(16)30851-8/fulltext | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.034}}</ref>
-Considering that vitamin deficiency can be dangerous, a vitamin supplementation is advised for THC users, during and/or after use.
-Though some combinations might be in itself harmful, cannabis users should be cautious. As, for example, there is some evidence of side effects of taking THC with vitamin D supplements. <ref>{{Citation | title=Vitamin D and Weed | url=https://www.worldsbest.rehab/vitamin-d-and-weed/}}</ref>
 ===Dangerous interactions===