GHB: Difference between revisions

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====Neurotoxicity====

A 2022 review<ref>Amsterdam JV, Brunt TM, Pereira FR, Crunelle CL, Brink WVD. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313103920/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9878963/ Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review.] Curr Neuropharmacol. 2022;20(4):809-819.</ref> compared 43 studies on GHB-induced cognitive impairment in humans and animals. The analysis suggests that moderate or clinical use may result in acute cognitive impairment. Working memory, short-term memory, and impaired performance on cognitive tasks were impaired after doses as low as 10mg/kg, but these effects appear to be temporary. Conversely, one study found that a dose of 20mg/kg improved social and non-social cognition, but did not affect base cognitive functions, such as visual or verbal memory recall. However, chronic heavy use of GHB, especially if accompanied by GHB-induced comas appear to cause long-term cognitive impairment and are likely neurotoxic.

In multiple studies, GHB has been found to impair spatial memory, working memory, learning and memory in rats with chronic administration.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sircar, R.)), ((Basak, A.)) | journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior | title=Adolescent γ-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning | volume=79 | issue=4 | pages=701–708 | date=1 December 2004 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009130570400320X | issn=0091-3057 | doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((García, F. B.)), ((Pedraza, C.)), ((Arias, J. L.)), ((Navarro, J. F.)) | journal=Psicothema | title=[Effects of subchronic administration of gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) on spatial working memory in rats] | volume=18 | issue=3 | pages=519–524 | date= August 2006 | issn=0214-9915}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sircar, R.)), ((Basak, A.)), ((Sircar, D.)) | journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | title=γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid-Induced Cognitive Deficits in the Female Adolescent Rat | volume=1139 | issue=1 | pages=386–389 | date= October 2008 | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1196/annals.1432.044 | issn=00778923 | doi=10.1196/annals.1432.044}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pedraza, C.)), ((García, F. B.)), ((Navarro, J. F.)) | journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology | title=Neurotoxic effects induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in male rats | volume=12 | issue=09 | pages=1165 | date= October 2009 | url=https://academic.oup.com/ijnp/article-lookup/doi/10.1017/S1461145709000157 | issn=1461-1457 | doi=10.1017/S1461145709000157}}</ref> These effects are associated with decreased [[NMDA receptor]] expression in the cerebral cortex and possibly other areas as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sircar, R.)), ((Basak, A.)) | journal=Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior | title=Adolescent gamma-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning | volume=79 | issue=4 | pages=701–708 | date= December 2004 | issn=0091-3057 | doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.022}}</ref>

One study found that repeated administration of GHB to rats for 15 days drastically reduced the number of neurons and non-neuronal cells within the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex. With doses of 10 mg/kg of GHB, they were decreased by 61% in the hippocampus region and 32% in the prefrontal cortex, and with 100 mg/kg, they were decreased by 38% and 9%, respectively. This paper demonstrates contradicting effects on neuronal loss, with lower doses (10 mg/kg) producing the most neurotoxicity, and higher doses (100 mg/kg) producing less.

In spite of its demonstrated neurotoxicity, GHB has neuroprotective properties, and has been found to protect cells from hypoxia. <ref>Ottani A, Saltini S, Bartiromo M, Zaffe D, Renzo Botticelli A, Ferrari A, et al. (October 2003). "Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in two rat models of focal cerebral damage". ''Brain Research''. '''986''' (1–2): 181–90. [[wikipedia:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-8993%2803%2903252-9 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03252-9] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) PMID] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12965243/ 12965243] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) S2CID] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54374774 54374774]</ref>

===Overdose===

@@ Line 111: / Line 111: @@
 ====Neurotoxicity====
+A 2022 review<ref>Amsterdam JV, Brunt TM, Pereira FR, Crunelle CL, Brink WVD. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313103920/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9878963/ Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review.] Curr Neuropharmacol. 2022;20(4):809-819.</ref> compared 43 studies on GHB-induced cognitive impairment in humans and animals. The analysis suggests that moderate or clinical use may result in acute cognitive impairment. Working memory, short-term memory, and impaired performance on cognitive tasks were impaired after doses as low as 10mg/kg, but these effects appear to be temporary. Conversely, one study found that a dose of 20mg/kg improved social and non-social cognition, but did not affect base cognitive functions, such as visual or verbal memory recall. However, chronic heavy use of GHB, especially if accompanied by GHB-induced comas appear to cause long-term cognitive impairment and are likely neurotoxic.
 In multiple studies, GHB has been found to impair spatial memory, working memory, learning and memory in rats with chronic administration.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sircar, R.)), ((Basak, A.)) | journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior | title=Adolescent γ-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning | volume=79 | issue=4 | pages=701–708 | date=1 December 2004 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009130570400320X | issn=0091-3057 | doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((García, F. B.)), ((Pedraza, C.)), ((Arias, J. L.)), ((Navarro, J. F.)) | journal=Psicothema | title=[Effects of subchronic administration of gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) on spatial working memory in rats] | volume=18 | issue=3 | pages=519–524 | date= August 2006 | issn=0214-9915}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sircar, R.)), ((Basak, A.)), ((Sircar, D.)) | journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | title=γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid-Induced Cognitive Deficits in the Female Adolescent Rat | volume=1139 | issue=1 | pages=386–389 | date= October 2008 | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1196/annals.1432.044 | issn=00778923 | doi=10.1196/annals.1432.044}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pedraza, C.)), ((García, F. B.)), ((Navarro, J. F.)) | journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology | title=Neurotoxic effects induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in male rats | volume=12 | issue=09 | pages=1165 | date= October 2009 | url=https://academic.oup.com/ijnp/article-lookup/doi/10.1017/S1461145709000157 | issn=1461-1457 | doi=10.1017/S1461145709000157}}</ref> These effects are associated with decreased [[NMDA receptor]] expression in the cerebral cortex and possibly other areas as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sircar, R.)), ((Basak, A.)) | journal=Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior | title=Adolescent gamma-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning | volume=79 | issue=4 | pages=701–708 | date= December 2004 | issn=0091-3057 | doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.022}}</ref>
 One study found that repeated administration of GHB to rats for 15 days drastically reduced the number of neurons and non-neuronal cells within the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex. With doses of 10 mg/kg of GHB, they were decreased by 61% in the hippocampus region and 32% in the prefrontal cortex, and with 100 mg/kg, they were decreased by 38% and 9%, respectively. This paper demonstrates contradicting effects on neuronal loss, with lower doses (10 mg/kg) producing the most neurotoxicity, and higher doses (100 mg/kg) producing less.
-In spite of its demonstrated neurotoxicity, GHB has neuroprotective properties, and has been found to protect cells from hypoxia. <ref>Ottani A, Saltini S, Bartiromo M, Zaffe D, Renzo Botticelli A, Ferrari A, et al. (October 2003). "Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in two rat models of focal cerebral damage". ''Brain Research''. '''986''' (1–2): 181–90. [[wikipedia:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-8993%2803%2903252-9 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03252-9] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) PMID] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12965243/ 12965243] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) S2CID] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54374774 54374774]</ref>
 ===Overdose===