Methylphenidate: Difference between revisions

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</ref> The abuse and addiction potential of methylphenidate is therefore significantly lower than other dopaminergic stimulants.<ref name="Volkow1999" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Volkow, N. D.)), ((Swanson, J. M.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Variables That Affect the Clinical Use and Abuse of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD | volume=160 | issue=11 | pages=1909–1918 | date= November 2003 | url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1909 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1909}}</ref>

The abuse potential is increased when methylphenidate is crushed and [[Routes_of_administration#Insufflation|insufflated]] (snorted) or [[Routes_of_administration#Intravenous|injected]].<ref name="Morton2000">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morton, W. A.)), ((Stockton, G. G.)) | journal=Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | title=Methylphenidate Abuse and Psychiatric Side Effects | volume=2 | issue=5 | pages=159–164 | date= October 2000 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181133/ | issn=1523-5998}}</ref>. It should be noted that due to the fillers in the pill, however, that this can be harmful to the nasal cavities. The primary source of methylphenidate for abuse is the diversion from legitimate prescriptions rather than illicit synthesis. Those who use methylphenidate medicinally generally take it orally as instructed while intranasal and intravenous are the preferred means for recreational use.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Klein-Schwartz, W.)) | journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics | title=Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate: | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=219–223 | date= April 2002 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00008480-200204000-00013 | issn=1040-8703 | doi=10.1097/00008480-200204000-00013}}</ref>

The abuse potential is increased when methylphenidate is crushed and [[Routes_of_administration#Insufflation|insufflated]] (snorted) or [[Routes_of_administration#Intravenous|injected]].<ref name="Morton2000">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morton, W. A.)), ((Stockton, G. G.)) | journal=Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | title=Methylphenidate Abuse and Psychiatric Side Effects | volume=2 | issue=5 | pages=159–164 | date= October 2000 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181133/ | issn=1523-5998}}</ref>. It should be noted that due to the fillers in the pill, however, that this can be harmful to the nasal cavities, and intravenous use can cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema emphysema] (a lower respiratory tract disease, aka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema#Ritalin_lung ritalin lung] when cause by Ritalin tablets). The intravenous use of [[methylphenidate]], commonly marketed as Ritalin and widely used as a stimulant drug in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, can lead to emphysematous changes known as Ritalin lung].

. The primary source of methylphenidate for abuse is the diversion from legitimate prescriptions rather than illicit synthesis. Those who use methylphenidate medicinally generally take it orally as instructed while intranasal and intravenous are the preferred means for recreational use.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Klein-Schwartz, W.)) | journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics | title=Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate: | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=219–223 | date= April 2002 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00008480-200204000-00013 | issn=1040-8703 | doi=10.1097/00008480-200204000-00013}}</ref>

===Psychosis===

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 </ref> The abuse and addiction potential of methylphenidate is therefore significantly lower than other dopaminergic stimulants.<ref name="Volkow1999" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Volkow, N. D.)), ((Swanson, J. M.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Variables That Affect the Clinical Use and Abuse of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD | volume=160 | issue=11 | pages=1909–1918 | date= November 2003 | url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1909 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1909}}</ref>
-The abuse potential is increased when methylphenidate is crushed and [[Routes_of_administration#Insufflation|insufflated]] (snorted) or [[Routes_of_administration#Intravenous|injected]].<ref name="Morton2000">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morton, W. A.)), ((Stockton, G. G.)) | journal=Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | title=Methylphenidate Abuse and Psychiatric Side Effects | volume=2 | issue=5 | pages=159–164 | date= October 2000 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181133/ | issn=1523-5998}}</ref>. It should be noted that due to the fillers in the pill, however, that this can be harmful to the nasal cavities. The primary source of methylphenidate for abuse is the diversion from legitimate prescriptions rather than illicit synthesis. Those who use methylphenidate medicinally generally take it orally as instructed while intranasal and intravenous are the preferred means for recreational use.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Klein-Schwartz, W.)) | journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics | title=Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate: | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=219–223 | date= April 2002 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00008480-200204000-00013 | issn=1040-8703 | doi=10.1097/00008480-200204000-00013}}</ref>
+The abuse potential is increased when methylphenidate is crushed and [[Routes_of_administration#Insufflation|insufflated]] (snorted) or [[Routes_of_administration#Intravenous|injected]].<ref name="Morton2000">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morton, W. A.)), ((Stockton, G. G.)) | journal=Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | title=Methylphenidate Abuse and Psychiatric Side Effects | volume=2 | issue=5 | pages=159–164 | date= October 2000 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181133/ | issn=1523-5998}}</ref>. It should be noted that due to the fillers in the pill, however, that this can be harmful to the nasal cavities, and intravenous use can cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema emphysema] (a lower respiratory tract disease, aka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema#Ritalin_lung ritalin lung] when cause by Ritalin tablets). The intravenous use of [[methylphenidate]], commonly marketed as Ritalin and widely used as a stimulant drug in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, can lead to emphysematous changes known as  Ritalin lung].
+. The primary source of methylphenidate for abuse is the diversion from legitimate prescriptions rather than illicit synthesis. Those who use methylphenidate medicinally generally take it orally as instructed while intranasal and intravenous are the preferred means for recreational use.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Klein-Schwartz, W.)) | journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics | title=Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate: | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=219–223 | date= April 2002 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00008480-200204000-00013 | issn=1040-8703 | doi=10.1097/00008480-200204000-00013}}</ref>
 ===Psychosis===