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Mephedrone: Difference between revisions
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Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. In 2007 it was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by 2010 it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom.{{citation needed}} | Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. In 2007 it was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by 2010 it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom.{{citation needed}} | ||
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement|enhanced empathy and sociability]], [[muscle relaxation|relaxation]], [[increased libido]], and [[euphoria]]. It is reported to produce a mixture of classic [[stimulant]] and [[entactogen]]ic effects reminiscent of [[cocaine]] and [[MDMA]].<ref name="Schifano2011" /> It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, inject or insert rectally. It is also sometimes sold as [[MDMA]] ("molly"). | [[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement|enhanced empathy and sociability]], [[muscle relaxation|relaxation]], [[increased libido]], and [[euphoria]]. It is reported to produce a mixture of classic [[stimulant]] and [[entactogen]]ic effects reminiscent of [[cocaine]] and [[MDMA]].<ref name="Schifano2011"/> It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, inject or insert rectally. It is also sometimes sold as [[MDMA]] ("molly"). | ||
Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of mephedrone, and it has little history of human use. Preliminary evidence suggests it may possess neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties.{{citation needed}} It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance | Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of mephedrone, and it has little history of human use. Preliminary evidence suggests it may possess neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties.{{citation needed}} It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | {{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | ||
Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of mephedrone due to its short history of its use.<ref name="Clubbers2010" /> Along side of this, the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Winstock, A. R.)), ((Mitcheson, L. R.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Corazza, O.)), ((Schifano, F.)) | journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England) | title=Mephedrone, new kid for the chop? | volume=106 | issue=1 | pages=154–161 | date= January 2011 | issn=1360-0443 | doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03130.x}}</ref> | Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of mephedrone due to its short history of its use.<ref name="Clubbers2010"/> Along side of this, the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Winstock, A. R.)), ((Mitcheson, L. R.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Corazza, O.)), ((Schifano, F.)) | journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England) | title=Mephedrone, new kid for the chop? | volume=106 | issue=1 | pages=154–161 | date= January 2011 | issn=1360-0443 | doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03130.x}}</ref> | ||
In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.<ref>Ghodse, H.; Corkery, J.; Ahmed, K.; Naidoo, V.; Oyefeso and, A.; Schifano, F. (July 2010). "Drug-related deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2010". International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's University of London. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-01-02.</ref> The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old<ref>{{Citation | year=2010 | title=Man from Hove died after injecting mephedrone | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10176982 | access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> who had underlying health problems and repeatedly injected the drug.<ref>{{Citation | year=2010 | title=Teenagers’ deaths “not caused by mephedrone” | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10184803 | access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref> A report in Forensic Science International in stated mephedrone intoxication has been recorded as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Torrance, H.)), ((Cooper, G.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland | volume=202 | issue=1–3 | pages=e62-63 | date=10 October 2010 | issn=1872-6283 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.014}}</ref> | In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.<ref>Ghodse, H.; Corkery, J.; Ahmed, K.; Naidoo, V.; Oyefeso and, A.; Schifano, F. (July 2010). "Drug-related deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2010". International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's University of London. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-01-02.</ref> The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old<ref>{{Citation | year=2010 | title=Man from Hove died after injecting mephedrone | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10176982 | access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> who had underlying health problems and repeatedly injected the drug.<ref>{{Citation | year=2010 | title=Teenagers’ deaths “not caused by mephedrone” | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10184803 | access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref> A report in Forensic Science International in stated mephedrone intoxication has been recorded as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Torrance, H.)), ((Cooper, G.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland | volume=202 | issue=1–3 | pages=e62-63 | date=10 October 2010 | issn=1872-6283 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.014}}</ref> | ||