This is an unofficial archive of PsychonautWiki as of 2025-08-11T15:14:44Z. Content on this page may be outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate. Please refer to the original page for the most up-to-date information.
Psychosis: Difference between revisions
>Kfjkll logoti |
>Graham |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<onlyinclude> | <onlyinclude>'''Psychosis''' is defined as an abnormal condition of the mind and a general psychiatric term for a mental state in which one experiences a "loss of contact with reality."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kapur, S.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia | volume=160 | issue=1 | pages=13–23 | date= January 2003 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13}}</ref> The features of psychoticism are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorders exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs).<ref>A{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=827-8|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref> Depending on its severity, this may also be accompanied by difficulty with social interaction and a general impairment in carrying out daily life activities. | ||
'''Psychosis''' | |||
Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild [[delusions]] to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder. Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below: | Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild [[delusions]] to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder. Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below: | ||
| Line 12: | Line 11: | ||
Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[deliriant|deliriants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jones, J.)), ((Dougherty, J.)), ((Cannon, L.)) | journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=369–371 | date= July 1986 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0735675786903128 | issn=07356757 | doi=10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Angel’s Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome | volume=134 | issue=3 | pages=312–314 | date= March 1977 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.134.3.312 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/ajp.134.3.312}}</ref> [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Strassman, R. J.)) | journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature | volume=172 | issue=10 | pages=577–595 | date= October 1984 | issn=0022-3018 | doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001}}</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lahti, A. C.)), ((Holcomb, H. H.)), ((Medoff, D. R.)), ((Tamminga, C. A.)) | journal=Neuroreport | title=Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia | volume=6 | issue=6 | pages=869–872 | date=1 April 1995 | url=https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011 | issn=1473-558X | doi=10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011}}</ref> and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hall, W.)), ((Degenhardt, L.)) | journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | title=Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=26–34 | date= February 2000 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x | issn=0004-8674 | doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hurst, D.)), ((Loeffler, G.)), ((McLay, R.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis Associated With Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists: A Case Series | volume=168 | issue=10 | pages=1119–1119 | date= October 2011 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176}}</ref>. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Glasner-Edwards, S.)), ((Mooney, L. J.)) | journal=CNS Drugs | title=Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management | volume=28 | issue=12 | pages=1115–1126 | date=1 December 2014 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bramness, J. G.)), ((Gundersen, Ø. H.)), ((Guterstam, J.)), ((Rognli, E. B.)), ((Konstenius, M.)), ((Løberg, E.-M.)), ((Medhus, S.)), ((Tanum, L.)), ((Franck, J.)) | journal=BMC Psychiatry | title=Amphetamine-induced psychosis - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=221 | date=5 December 2012 | url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-221 | issn=1471-244X | doi=10.1186/1471-244X-12-221}}</ref> particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as [[benzodiazepines]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Preskorn, S. H.)), ((Denner, L. J.)) | journal=JAMA | title=Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Psychosis: Report of Three Cases | volume=237 | issue=1 | pages=36–38 | date=3 January 1977 | url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018 | issn=0098-7484 | doi=10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018}}</ref> or [[alcohol]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Gross, M. M.)), ((Lewis, E.)), ((Hastey, J.)) | veditors=((Kissin, B.)), ((Begleiter, H.)) | date= 1974 | chapter=The Biology of Alcoholism | title=Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome | publisher=Springer US | pages=191–263 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | isbn=9781468429398}}</ref>; this is known as [[delirium tremens]] (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation, emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.{{citation needed}} | Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[deliriant|deliriants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jones, J.)), ((Dougherty, J.)), ((Cannon, L.)) | journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=369–371 | date= July 1986 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0735675786903128 | issn=07356757 | doi=10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Angel’s Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome | volume=134 | issue=3 | pages=312–314 | date= March 1977 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.134.3.312 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/ajp.134.3.312}}</ref> [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Strassman, R. J.)) | journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature | volume=172 | issue=10 | pages=577–595 | date= October 1984 | issn=0022-3018 | doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001}}</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lahti, A. C.)), ((Holcomb, H. H.)), ((Medoff, D. R.)), ((Tamminga, C. A.)) | journal=Neuroreport | title=Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia | volume=6 | issue=6 | pages=869–872 | date=1 April 1995 | url=https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011 | issn=1473-558X | doi=10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011}}</ref> and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hall, W.)), ((Degenhardt, L.)) | journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | title=Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=26–34 | date= February 2000 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x | issn=0004-8674 | doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hurst, D.)), ((Loeffler, G.)), ((McLay, R.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis Associated With Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists: A Case Series | volume=168 | issue=10 | pages=1119–1119 | date= October 2011 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176}}</ref>. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Glasner-Edwards, S.)), ((Mooney, L. J.)) | journal=CNS Drugs | title=Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management | volume=28 | issue=12 | pages=1115–1126 | date=1 December 2014 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bramness, J. G.)), ((Gundersen, Ø. H.)), ((Guterstam, J.)), ((Rognli, E. B.)), ((Konstenius, M.)), ((Løberg, E.-M.)), ((Medhus, S.)), ((Tanum, L.)), ((Franck, J.)) | journal=BMC Psychiatry | title=Amphetamine-induced psychosis - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=221 | date=5 December 2012 | url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-221 | issn=1471-244X | doi=10.1186/1471-244X-12-221}}</ref> particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as [[benzodiazepines]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Preskorn, S. H.)), ((Denner, L. J.)) | journal=JAMA | title=Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Psychosis: Report of Three Cases | volume=237 | issue=1 | pages=36–38 | date=3 January 1977 | url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018 | issn=0098-7484 | doi=10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018}}</ref> or [[alcohol]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Gross, M. M.)), ((Lewis, E.)), ((Hastey, J.)) | veditors=((Kissin, B.)), ((Begleiter, H.)) | date= 1974 | chapter=The Biology of Alcoholism | title=Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome | publisher=Springer US | pages=191–263 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | isbn=9781468429398}}</ref>; this is known as [[delirium tremens]] (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation, emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.{{citation needed}} | ||
</onlyinclude> | </onlyinclude> | ||
===Psychoactive substances=== | ===Psychoactive substances=== | ||
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | ||