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25I-NBOMe: Difference between revisions
>Graham wiki ref formatting |
>Jkadosh15 Added a common cognitive effect of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) that is commonly caused by psychedelics with stimulant properties like the substituted phenethylamines |
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==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | {{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | ||
25I-NBOMe has efficacy at the [[serotonin#The 5-HT system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor]] where it acts as an unusually potent and selective [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]].<ref name="Ettrup2011"/> However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | 25I-NBOMe has efficacy at the [[serotonin#The 5-HT system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor]] where it acts as an unusually potent and selective [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]].<ref name="Ettrup2011" /> However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | ||
Among psychedelics, this compound is considered to be pharmacologically unique in terms of the high potency, affinity, and selectivity with which it binds to the 5-HT2a receptor.<ref name="Ettrup2011" /> Contrary to popular belief, it is not a "full agonist"{{citation needed}}, although questions have been raised about how the effects it produces differ from other 5-HT2a partial agonists, which include the range of traditional psychedelics. | Among psychedelics, this compound is considered to be pharmacologically unique in terms of the high potency, affinity, and selectivity with which it binds to the 5-HT2a receptor.<ref name="Ettrup2011" /> Contrary to popular belief, it is not a "full agonist"{{citation needed}}, although questions have been raised about how the effects it produces differ from other 5-HT2a partial agonists, which include the range of traditional psychedelics. | ||
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The Ki values of the following targets were greater than 500 Ki: 5-HT1A, D3, H2, 5-HT1D, α1A adrenergic, δ opioid, serotonin reuptake transporter, 5-HT5A, 5-HT1B, D2, 5-HT7, D1, 5-HT3, 5-HT1E, D5, muscarinic M1-M5, H3, and the dopamine reuptake transporter.<ref name="high specific">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nichols, D. E.)), ((Frescas, S. P.)), ((Chemel, B. R.)), ((Rehder, K. S.)), ((Zhong, D.)), ((Lewin, A. H.)) | journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry | title=High specific activity tritium-labeled N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (INBMeO): a high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor-selective agonist radioligand | volume=16 | issue=11 | pages=6116–6123 | date=1 June 2008 | issn=1464-3391 | doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.050}}</ref> | The Ki values of the following targets were greater than 500 Ki: 5-HT1A, D3, H2, 5-HT1D, α1A adrenergic, δ opioid, serotonin reuptake transporter, 5-HT5A, 5-HT1B, D2, 5-HT7, D1, 5-HT3, 5-HT1E, D5, muscarinic M1-M5, H3, and the dopamine reuptake transporter.<ref name="high specific">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nichols, D. E.)), ((Frescas, S. P.)), ((Chemel, B. R.)), ((Rehder, K. S.)), ((Zhong, D.)), ((Lewin, A. H.)) | journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry | title=High specific activity tritium-labeled N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (INBMeO): a high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor-selective agonist radioligand | volume=16 | issue=11 | pages=6116–6123 | date=1 June 2008 | issn=1464-3391 | doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.050}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; margin-left: 10px;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; margin-left: 10px;" | ||
|+Ki-values<ref name="Ettrup2011"/><ref name="high specific" /> | |+Ki-values<ref name="Ettrup2011" /><ref name="high specific" /> | ||
! scope="col" |Receptor||Ki (nM)|| class="unsortable" |± | ! scope="col" |Receptor||Ki (nM)|| class="unsortable" |± | ||
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==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder]]''' | |||
}} | }} | ||
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25I-NBOMe is a relatively new substance, and little is known about its pharmacological risks or its interaction with other substances. The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] has not yet been determined although it is [[Toxicity::potentially fatal at heavy dosages]].<ref name="25Ifatal">{{Citation | title=Erowid 25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome_death.shtml}}</ref> [[PsychonautWiki]] advises that due to 25I-NBOMe's extreme potency it should not be insufflated as this method of administration appears to have led to several deaths in the past year. | 25I-NBOMe is a relatively new substance, and little is known about its pharmacological risks or its interaction with other substances. The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] has not yet been determined although it is [[Toxicity::potentially fatal at heavy dosages]].<ref name="25Ifatal">{{Citation | title=Erowid 25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome_death.shtml}}</ref> [[PsychonautWiki]] advises that due to 25I-NBOMe's extreme potency it should not be insufflated as this method of administration appears to have led to several deaths in the past year. | ||
This substance came to media attention in early 2012 after a cluster of seven non-fatal [[overdose]]s with the drug were reported in or around Richmond, Virginia.<ref name="Kids overdosing on new drug">{{Citation | vauthors=((Geller, L.)) | year=2012 | title=Kids overdosing on new drug | publisher=WWBT NBC12 | url=https://www.nbc12.com/story/16964534/kids-overdosing-on-new-drug}}</ref><ref name="New street drug"> New street drug causing concern among medics. Vanessa Araiza, WBRC, Feb 28, 2012, | http://www.wsfa.com/story/16977573/new-street-drug-causing-concern-among-medics</ref> As of May 2013, 25I-NBOMe has reportedly led to five overdose deaths in the United States.<ref>{{Citation | title=New drug N-bomb hits the street, terrifying parents, troubling cops | url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-synthetic-hallucinogen-n-bomb-killing-users-cops-article-1.1336327</ref> In June 2012, two teens in Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota fatally overdosed on a substance that was allegedly 25I-NBOMe, resulting in lengthy sentences for two of the parties involved and a Federal indictment against the Texas-based online vendor.<ref> Breaking Bad: Digital Drug Sales, Analog Drug Deaths. Craig Malisow, Houston Press, March 13, 2013 | http://www.houstonpress.com/2013-03-14/news/motion-research-charles-carlton/</ref> | This substance came to media attention in early 2012 after a cluster of seven non-fatal [[overdose]]s with the drug were reported in or around Richmond, Virginia.<ref name="Kids overdosing on new drug">{{Citation | vauthors=((Geller, L.)) | year=2012 | title=Kids overdosing on new drug | publisher=WWBT NBC12 | url=https://www.nbc12.com/story/16964534/kids-overdosing-on-new-drug}}</ref><ref name="New street drug"> New street drug causing concern among medics. Vanessa Araiza, WBRC, Feb 28, 2012, | http://www.wsfa.com/story/16977573/new-street-drug-causing-concern-among-medics</ref> As of May 2013, 25I-NBOMe has reportedly led to five overdose deaths in the United States.<ref><nowiki>{{Citation | title=New drug N-bomb hits the street, terrifying parents, troubling cops | url=</nowiki>https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-synthetic-hallucinogen-n-bomb-killing-users-cops-article-1.1336327</ref> In June 2012, two teens in Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota fatally overdosed on a substance that was allegedly 25I-NBOMe, resulting in lengthy sentences for two of the parties involved and a Federal indictment against the Texas-based online vendor.<ref> Breaking Bad: Digital Drug Sales, Analog Drug Deaths. Craig Malisow, Houston Press, March 13, 2013 | http://www.houstonpress.com/2013-03-14/news/motion-research-charles-carlton/</ref> | ||
A 21-year-old man from Little Rock, Arkansas died in October 2012 after taking a liquid drop of the drug nasally at a music festival. He was reported to have consumed caffeinated alcoholic beverages for "several hours" beforehand. It is unclear what other drugs he may have consumed, as autopsies usually do not test for the presence of research chemicals.<ref name="21 yr old dies">{{Citation | vauthors=((Martin, N.)) | year=2012 | title=21-year-old dies after one drop of new synthetic drug at Voodoo Fest | publisher=NOLA | url=https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_526a4b28-8e79-5b4c-8310-637c946b616c.html}}</ref> | A 21-year-old man from Little Rock, Arkansas died in October 2012 after taking a liquid drop of the drug nasally at a music festival. He was reported to have consumed caffeinated alcoholic beverages for "several hours" beforehand. It is unclear what other drugs he may have consumed, as autopsies usually do not test for the presence of research chemicals.<ref name="21 yr old dies">{{Citation | vauthors=((Martin, N.)) | year=2012 | title=21-year-old dies after one drop of new synthetic drug at Voodoo Fest | publisher=NOLA | url=https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_526a4b28-8e79-5b4c-8310-637c946b616c.html}}</ref> | ||