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Naturally occurring sources: Difference between revisions
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===Selective breeding=== | ===Selective breeding=== | ||
Selective breeding is a method used by cultivators to add or remove traits from successive generations of organisms by breeding together those that have the preferred properties in hopes of developing a desirable genetic strain. This may have resulted in both the potency and appearance of psychoactive substance(s) which the cultivators wished to produce.<ref>ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR ECOLOGISTS | http:// | Selective breeding is a method used by cultivators to add or remove traits from successive generations of organisms by breeding together those that have the preferred properties in hopes of developing a desirable genetic strain. This may have resulted in both the potency and appearance of psychoactive substance(s) which the cultivators wished to produce.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Conner, J. K.)) | journal=Ecology | title=ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR ECOLOGISTS | volume=84 | issue=7 | pages=1650–1660 | date= July 2003 | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1650:ASAPTF]2.0.CO;2 | issn=0012-9658 | doi=10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1650:ASAPTF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> | ||
===Defense mechanism=== | ===Defense mechanism=== | ||
Another proposed reason for the presence of psychoactive substances in nature is their use as a defence mechanism. Through natural selection an organism may develop a poison or toxin useful for fending off predators,<ref> | Another proposed reason for the presence of psychoactive substances in nature is their use as a defence mechanism. Through natural selection an organism may develop a poison or toxin useful for fending off predators,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Steppuhn, A.)), ((Gase, K.)), ((Krock, B.)), ((Halitschke, R.)), ((Baldwin, I. T.)) | journal=PLOS Biology | title=Nicotine’s Defensive Function in Nature | volume=2 | issue=8 | pages=e217 | date=17 August 2004 | url=https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020217 | issn=1545-7885 | doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020217}}</ref> as can be seen in Latrodectus Spiders who's psychoactive Latrotoxin has no reward value, and instead poses a threat to others. | ||
===Reward symbiosis=== | ===Reward symbiosis=== | ||
It is also possible that co-evolution encouraged psychoactive organisms to appear as a means of propagation. That is; in the same way sweet fruits were naturally selected by animals spreading their contained seeds, so were psychoactive flora that posed some benefit to the animals.<ref>Evolution And Addiction | http:// | It is also possible that co-evolution encouraged psychoactive organisms to appear as a means of propagation. That is; in the same way sweet fruits were naturally selected by animals spreading their contained seeds, so were psychoactive flora that posed some benefit to the animals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nesse, R. M.)) | journal=Addiction | title=Evolution And Addiction: Commentaries | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=470–471 | date= April 2002 | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00086.x | issn=09652140 | doi=10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00086.x}}</ref> | ||
===Genetic similarity=== | ===Genetic similarity=== | ||
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The use of psychoactive substances is deeply rooted in human culture and dates back to pre-history. Early societies often incorporated these organisms into their traditions in medicine, spirituality, or recreation, such as the use of soma in the origins of Hinduism, and many of these uses continue into the modern day. Some common examples of this are the use of wine containing [[Ethanol]] in Christian communion, and [[Ayahuasca]] among indigenous peoples of the Amazon. | The use of psychoactive substances is deeply rooted in human culture and dates back to pre-history. Early societies often incorporated these organisms into their traditions in medicine, spirituality, or recreation, such as the use of soma in the origins of Hinduism, and many of these uses continue into the modern day. Some common examples of this are the use of wine containing [[Ethanol]] in Christian communion, and [[Ayahuasca]] among indigenous peoples of the Amazon. | ||
Many of these organisms have been instrumental to the progress of various scientific fields, such as Biology, Medicine, [[Psychonautics]], and continue to reveal their importance with their involvement in major discoveries, such as the discovery of [[cannabinoid]] receptors<ref>Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain | | Many of these organisms have been instrumental to the progress of various scientific fields, such as Biology, Medicine, [[Psychonautics]], and continue to reveal their importance with their involvement in major discoveries, such as the discovery of [[cannabinoid]] receptors<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Devane, W. A.)), ((Dysarz, F. A.)), ((Johnson, M. R.)), ((Melvin, L. S.)), ((Howlett, A. C.)) | journal=Molecular Pharmacology | title=Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. | volume=34 | issue=5 | pages=605–613 | date=1 November 1988 | url=https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/34/5/605 | issn=0026-895X}}</ref> preceding our knowledge of endocannabinoids.<ref>{{cite book | date=13 January 2021 | title=The Discovery of the Endocannabinoid System | publisher=Springer Publishing Company | url=https://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-0-8261-3573-5/chapter/ch03 | isbn=9780826135636}}</ref> | ||
Precluding endogenous chemicals, many of these organisms served as humanities only means of altering neurochemistry until the advent of synthetic psychoactives during the modern age. They have been at the forefront of major historical developments, such as pharmacotherapy, the funding of organized crime, the psychedelic era of the 60's, and the current "War on Drugs". | Precluding endogenous chemicals, many of these organisms served as humanities only means of altering neurochemistry until the advent of synthetic psychoactives during the modern age. They have been at the forefront of major historical developments, such as pharmacotherapy, the funding of organized crime, the psychedelic era of the 60's, and the current "War on Drugs". | ||
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* [[Ergoline derivatives|Ergoline Derivatives]] | * [[Ergoline derivatives|Ergoline Derivatives]] | ||
** [[Argyreia hookeri (botany) | ''Argyreia hookeri'' (Hooker's woodrose)]] | ** [[Argyreia hookeri (botany) | ''Argyreia hookeri'' (Hooker's woodrose)]] | ||
** [[Argyreia_nervosa (botany) | ''Argyreia nervosa'' (Hawaiian baby woodrose)]] <ref>Studies on the alkaloid composition of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose | ** [[Argyreia_nervosa (botany) | ''Argyreia nervosa'' (Hawaiian baby woodrose)]] <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Paulke, A.)), ((Kremer, C.)), ((Wunder, C.)), ((Wurglics, M.)), ((Schubert-Zsilavecz, M.)), ((Toennes, S. W.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Studies on the alkaloid composition of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Argyreia nervosa , a common legal high | volume=249 | pages=281–293 | date= April 2015 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073815000742 | issn=03790738 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH |year=1973 |title=Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer |journal=J. Pharm. Sci. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=588–91 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600620409}}</ref> | ||
** [[Argyreia osyrensis (botany) | ''Argyreia osyrensis'']] <ref>Argyreia osyrensis Wikipedia |</ref> | ** [[Argyreia osyrensis (botany) | ''Argyreia osyrensis'']] <ref>Argyreia osyrensis Wikipedia |</ref> | ||
** [[Stictocardia queenslandica (botany) | ''Stictocardia queenslandica'' (''Queensland woodrose'')]] <ref>Stictocardia queenslandica Wikipedia</ref> | ** [[Stictocardia queenslandica (botany) | ''Stictocardia queenslandica'' (''Queensland woodrose'')]] <ref>Stictocardia queenslandica Wikipedia</ref> | ||
** ''Ipomoea purpurea'' (purple morning glory)<ref>Charles Savage, Willis W. Harman and James Fadiman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200928/http://www.lycaeum.org/diseyes/olo/glory.txt ''Ipomoea purpurea'': A Naturally Occurring Psychedelic]</ref> | ** ''Ipomoea purpurea'' (purple morning glory)<ref>Charles Savage, Willis W. Harman and James Fadiman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200928/http://www.lycaeum.org/diseyes/olo/glory.txt ''Ipomoea purpurea'': A Naturally Occurring Psychedelic]</ref> | ||
** [[Ipomoea tricolor| ''Ipomoea tricolor'' (Mexican morning glory)]]<ref>The Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug | ** [[Ipomoea tricolor| ''Ipomoea tricolor'' (Mexican morning glory)]]<ref name="Wilson2017">{{cite book | vauthors=((Wilson, C. W. M.)) | date=20 December 2017 | title=The Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence: Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Addiction, London, 1 and 2 September 1966 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=9781483186160}}</ref><ref name="ShowPlant">{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/1082?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov}}</ref> | ||
** ''Ipomoea violacea'' (beach moonflower)<ref | ** ''Ipomoea violacea'' (beach moonflower)<ref name="ShowPlant"/> | ||
** [[Turbina corymbosa (botany) | ''Turbina corymbosa'' (Ololiúqui)]]<ref | ** [[Turbina corymbosa (botany) | ''Turbina corymbosa'' (Ololiúqui)]]<ref name="Wilson2017"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.giftpflanzen.com/rivea_corymbosa.html |title=Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - giftpflanzen.com |publisher=www.giftpflanzen.com |accessdate=2008-04-18 |last= |first= }}</ref> | ||
* [[Phenethylamine#List_of_substituted_phenethylamines|Phenethylamines]] | * [[Phenethylamine#List_of_substituted_phenethylamines|Phenethylamines]] | ||
** [[Mescaline]] - [[psychedelic cacti]] | ** [[Mescaline]] - [[psychedelic cacti]] | ||
*** [[Echinopsis lageniformis (botany)|''Echinopsis lageniformis'' (Bolivian torch)]]<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | *** [[Echinopsis lageniformis (botany)|''Echinopsis lageniformis'' (Bolivian torch)]]<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | ||
*** [[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|''Echinopsis pachanoi'' (San pedro)]]<ref name="gradworks1">Alkaloid content in relation to ethnobotanical use of Trichocereus pachanoi and related taxa | http://gradworks.umi.com/14/78/1478388.html</ref><ref name="citeseerx1">New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) (“San Pedro”) and their relevance to shamanic practice | | *** [[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|''Echinopsis pachanoi'' (San pedro)]]<ref name="gradworks1">Alkaloid content in relation to ethnobotanical use of Trichocereus pachanoi and related taxa | http://gradworks.umi.com/14/78/1478388.html</ref><ref name="citeseerx1">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ogunbodede, O.)), ((McCombs, D.)), ((Trout, K.)), ((Daley, P.)), ((Terry, M.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) (“San Pedro”) and their relevance to shamanic practice | volume=131 | issue=2 | pages=356–362 | date= September 2010 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874110004836 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.021}}</ref> | ||
*** [[Echinopsis peruviana (botany)|''Echinopsis peruviana'' (Peruvian torch)]]<ref>Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus | *** [[Echinopsis peruviana (botany)|''Echinopsis peruviana'' (Peruvian torch)]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pardanani, J. H.)), ((McLaughlin, J. L.)), ((Kondrat, R. W.)), ((Cooks, R. G.)) | journal=Lloydia | title=Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus | volume=40 | issue=6 | pages=585–590 | date= December 1977 | issn=0024-5461}}</ref><ref name="gradworks1" /><ref name="citeseerx1" /> | ||
*** ''Echinopsis puquiensis''<ref name="gradworks1" /><ref name="citeseerx1" /> | *** ''Echinopsis puquiensis''<ref name="gradworks1" /><ref name="citeseerx1" /> | ||
*** ''Echinopsis santaensis''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | *** ''Echinopsis santaensis''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | ||
*** ''Echinopsis schoenii''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | *** ''Echinopsis schoenii''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | ||
*** ''Echinopsis scopulicola''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | *** ''Echinopsis scopulicola''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | ||
*** ''Echinopsis terscheckii''<ref>Cactus Alkaloids. I. Trichocereus terscheckii (Parmentier) Britton and Rose | | *** ''Echinopsis terscheckii''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Reti, L.)), ((Castrillón, J. A.)) | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | title=Cactus Alkaloids. I. Trichocereus terscheckii (Parmentier) Britton and Rose | volume=73 | issue=4 | pages=1767–1769 | date= April 1951 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01148a097 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/ja01148a097}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Echinopsis uyupampensis''<ref name="gradworks1" /> | *** ''Echinopsis uyupampensis''<ref name="gradworks1" /> | ||
*** [[Lophophora diffusa (botany)|''Lophophora diffusa'']] <ref> | *** [[Lophophora diffusa (botany)|''Lophophora diffusa'']] <ref name="ErowidLophopho">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cacti Vaults : Visionary Cactus Guide - Mescaline from Sawdust | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cacti/cacti_guide/cacti_guide_lophopho.shtml}}</ref><ref name="TroutLophophora">{{Citation | title=Lophophora diffusa – Trout’s Notes | url=https://sacredcacti.com/blog/diffusa/}}</ref><ref name="Gabermann1978">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gabermann, V.)) | journal=Biokhimiia (Moscow, Russia) | title=[Estimation of mescaline and pellotine in Lophophora coulter plants (Cactaceae) by means of the oscillographic polarography] | volume=43 | issue=2 | pages=246–251 | date= February 1978 | issn=0320-9725}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Lophophora echinata'' <ref | *** ''Lophophora echinata'' <ref name="ErowidLophopho"/><ref name="TroutLophophora"/> | ||
*** ''[[Lophophora fricii]]'' <ref | *** ''[[Lophophora fricii]]'' <ref name="ErowidLophopho"/><ref name="Gabermann1978"/> | ||
*** ''Lophophora jourdaniana'' <ref | *** ''Lophophora jourdaniana'' <ref name="ErowidLophopho"/><ref name="Gabermann1978"/> | ||
*** [[Lophophora williamsii (botany)|''Lophophora williamsii'' (Peyote)]] <ref | *** [[Lophophora williamsii (botany)|''Lophophora williamsii'' (Peyote)]]<ref name="ErowidLophopho"/><ref name="TroutAnalysis">{{Citation | title=Lophophora williamsii analysis – Trout’s Notes | url=https://sacredcacti.com/blog/lophophora-williamsii-analysis/}}</ref> | ||
** [[N-Methylphenethylamine]] (''[[NMPEA]]'') | ** [[N-Methylphenethylamine]] (''[[NMPEA]]'') | ||
*** Vachellia rigidula | *** Vachellia rigidula | ||
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*** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca) | *** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca) | ||
*** [[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | *** [[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | ||
*** [[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]]<ref>Arundo donax | *** [[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]]<ref name="ErowidArundaInfo2">{{Citation | title=Erowid Arundo donax Vaults : TIHKAL mention of Arundo donax | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/arundo_donax/arundo_donax_info2.shtml}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | *** ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | ||
*** [[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref>Phalaris FAQ | https://www.erowid.org/plants/phalaris/phalaris_faq.shtml</ref><ref>Bufotenin | https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Bufotenin#Phalaris_spp | *** [[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref name="ErowidPhalarisFAQ">{{Citation | title=Erowid Phalaris Vault : FAQ 2.01 | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/phalaris/phalaris_faq.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Bufotenin - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Bufotenin#Phalaris_spp}}</ref> | ||
**** [[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | **** [[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | ||
** [[5-MeO-DMT]] | ** [[5-MeO-DMT]] | ||
*** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca) | *** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca) | ||
*** [[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | *** [[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | ||
*** [[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]] <ref | *** [[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]] <ref name="ErowidArundaInfo2"/> | ||
*** [[Delosperma (botany) | ''Delosperma sp'' (Trailing ice plant)]] <ref> | *** [[Delosperma (botany) | ''Delosperma sp'' (Trailing ice plant)]]<ref name="Ott1996">{{cite book | vauthors=((Ott, J.)) | date= 1996 | title=Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History | publisher=Natural Products Company | isbn=9780961423483}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Delosperma cooperi'' | **** ''Delosperma cooperi'' | ||
*** ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | *** ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | ||
*** [[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]] <ref | *** [[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]] <ref name="ErowidPhalarisFAQ"/><ref name="DeoxyTrypFAQ">{{Citation | title=Tryptamine Carriers FAQ | url=https://deoxy.org/trypfaq.htm}}</ref><ref name="Duynisveld1990">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Duynisveld, G. W.)), ((Slominski, B. A.)), ((Wittenberg, K. M.)), ((Campbell, L. D.)) | journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Science | title=ALKALOID CONTENT OF REED CANARYGRASS ( Phalaris arundinaceae L.) AS DETERMINED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY | volume=70 | issue=4 | pages=1097–1103 | date=1 October 1990 | url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.4141/cjps90-132 | issn=0008-4220 | doi=10.4141/cjps90-132}}</ref> | ||
**** [[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | **** [[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | ||
*** Phyllodium pulchellum | *** Phyllodium pulchellum | ||
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*** ''Virola sebifera'' | *** ''Virola sebifera'' | ||
** 5-MeO-NMT | ** 5-MeO-NMT | ||
*** [[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]] <ref | *** [[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]]<ref name="ErowidArundaInfo2"/> | ||
** [[DMT]] | ** [[DMT]] | ||
*** [[Anadenanthera colubrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca)]] | *** [[Anadenanthera colubrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca)]] | ||
*** [[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | *** [[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | ||
*** [[Delosperma (botany) | ''Delosperma sp.'' (Trailing ice plant)]] <ref | *** [[Delosperma (botany) | ''Delosperma sp.'' (Trailing ice plant)]]<ref name="Ott1996"/> | ||
*** [[Desmanthus illinoensis (botany) | ''Desmanthus illinoensis'' (Illinois bundleflower)]] <ref>Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen: Band XIb-1: Leguminosae Teil 2: Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae | | *** [[Desmanthus illinoensis (botany) | ''Desmanthus illinoensis'' (Illinois bundleflower)]] <ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hegnauer, R.)) | date=30 July 1996 | title=Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen: Band XIb-1: Leguminosae Teil 2: Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | isbn=9783764351656}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Desmodium gangeticum'' | *** ''Desmodium gangeticum'' | ||
*** ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | *** ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | ||
*** [[Mimosa tenuiflora (botany) | ''Mimosa tenuiflora'' (Jurema)]]<ref>Pharmahuasca, Anahuasca and Vinho da Jurema | *** [[Mimosa tenuiflora (botany) | ''Mimosa tenuiflora'' (Jurema)]]<ref>{{Citation | year=2012 | title=Ayahuasca Library > Ott 1998 - Pharmahuasca, Anahuasca and Vinho da Jurema | url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120124034100/http://www.santodaime.it/Library/NATURALSCIENCES/ott98a_english.htm}}</ref> | ||
*** [[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref | *** [[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref name="DeoxyTrypFAQ"/><ref name="ErowidPhalarisFAQ"/> | ||
**** [[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | **** [[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | ||
*** [[Phragmites australis (botany) | ''Phragmites australis'' (common reed)]]<ref | *** [[Phragmites australis (botany) | ''Phragmites australis'' (common reed)]]<ref name="Ott1996"/> | ||
*** Phyllodium pulchellum | *** Phyllodium pulchellum | ||
*** [[Psychotria viridis (botany) | ''Psychotria viridis'' (Chacruna)]]<ref>Psychotria | *** [[Psychotria viridis (botany) | ''Psychotria viridis'' (Chacruna)]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid Psychotria Vault: DMT Contents and Dosages | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/psychotria/psychotria_info1.shtml}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Vachellia seyal'' (''Acacia seyal'')<ref>Shulgin, A. | *** ''Vachellia seyal'' (''Acacia seyal'')<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Shulgin, A. T.)), ((Shulgin, A.)) | date= 1997 | title=Tihkal: the continuation | publisher=Transform | isbn=9780963009692}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Virola elongata'' | *** ''Virola elongata'' | ||
*** ''Virola sebifera'' | *** ''Virola sebifera'' | ||
*** [[Psychoactive acacias]] <ref>List of psychoactive acacias wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_known_to_contain_psychoactive_alkaloids</ref> | *** [[Psychoactive acacias]] <ref>List of psychoactive acacias wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_known_to_contain_psychoactive_alkaloids</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia acuminata'' (Raspberry jam wattle) <ref>Acacia acuminata Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_acuminata</ref><ref> Acacia acuminata | **** ''Acacia acuminata'' (Raspberry jam wattle) <ref>Acacia acuminata Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_acuminata</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia acuminata - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_acuminata}}</ref> | ||
***** ''Acacia acuminata var. narrow phyllode'' (Inland jam wattle) | ***** ''Acacia acuminata var. narrow phyllode'' (Inland jam wattle) | ||
***** ''Acacia acuminata var. typical phyllode'' | ***** ''Acacia acuminata var. typical phyllode'' | ||
***** ''Acacia acuminata var. broad phyllode'' | ***** ''Acacia acuminata var. broad phyllode'' | ||
***** ''Acacia acuminata var. small seed phyllode'' | ***** ''Acacia acuminata var. small seed phyllode'' | ||
**** ''Acacia baileyana'' (Cootamundra wattle) <ref>Acacia baileyana Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_baileyana</ref><ref>Acacia baileyana | **** ''Acacia baileyana'' (Cootamundra wattle) <ref>Acacia baileyana Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_baileyana</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia baileyana - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_baileyana}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia burkittii'' (Fine leaf jam wattle)<ref>Acacia burkittii wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_burkittii</ref><ref>Acacia | **** ''Acacia burkittii'' (Fine leaf jam wattle)<ref>Acacia burkittii wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_burkittii</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia burkittii - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_burkittii}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia confusa'' (Formosa wattle)<ref>Acacia confusa Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_confusa</ref><ref>Acacia confusa | **** ''Acacia confusa'' (Formosa wattle)<ref>Acacia confusa Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_confusa</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia confusa - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_confusa}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia courtii'' (Three brothers wattle)<ref>Acacia courtii DMT-Nexus| https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_courtii</ref> | **** ''Acacia courtii'' (Three brothers wattle)<ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia courtii - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_courtii}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia concurrens'' <ref>Acacia concurrens Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_concurrens</ref> | **** ''Acacia concurrens'' <ref>Acacia concurrens Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_concurrens</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia floribunda'' (Gossamer wattle) <ref>Acacia floribunda Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_floribunda</ref><ref>Acacia floribunda | **** ''Acacia floribunda'' (Gossamer wattle) <ref>Acacia floribunda Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_floribunda</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia floribunda - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_floribunda}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia jibberdingensis'' <ref>Acacia jibberdingensis wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_jibberdingensis</ref> | **** ''Acacia jibberdingensis'' <ref>Acacia jibberdingensis wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_jibberdingensis</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia longifolia'' (Sydney golden wattle) <ref>Acacia longifolia Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_longifolia</ref><ref> Acacia longifolia | **** ''Acacia longifolia'' (Sydney golden wattle) <ref>Acacia longifolia Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_longifolia</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia longifolia - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_longifolia}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia maidenii'' (Maiden's Wattle) <ref>Acacia maidenii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_maidenii</ref><ref>Acacia maidenii | **** ''Acacia maidenii'' (Maiden's Wattle) <ref>Acacia maidenii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_maidenii</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia maidenii - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_maidenii}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia neurophylla'' <ref>Acacia neurophylla wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_neurophylla</ref> | **** ''Acacia neurophylla'' <ref>Acacia neurophylla wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_neurophylla</ref> | ||
***** ''Acacia neurophylla var. neurophylla'' | ***** ''Acacia neurophylla var. neurophylla'' | ||
***** ''Acacia neurophylla var. erugata'' | ***** ''Acacia neurophylla var. erugata'' | ||
**** ''Acacia obtusifolia'' (Blunt leaf wattle) <ref>Acacia obtusifolia Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_obtusifolia</ref><ref>Acacia obtusifolia | **** ''Acacia obtusifolia'' (Blunt leaf wattle) <ref>Acacia obtusifolia Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_obtusifolia</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia obtusifolia - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_obtusifolia}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia phlebophylla'' (Mount buffalo wattle) <ref>Acacia phlebophylla Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_phlebophylla</ref><ref>Acacia phlebophylla | **** ''Acacia phlebophylla'' (Mount buffalo wattle) <ref>Acacia phlebophylla Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_phlebophylla</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia phlebophylla - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_phlebophylla}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia prominens'' (Golden rain wattle) <ref>Acacia prominens Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_prominens</ref> | **** ''Acacia prominens'' (Golden rain wattle) <ref>Acacia prominens Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_prominens</ref> | ||
**** ''Acacia simplex'' <ref>Acacia simplex Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_simplex</ref> | **** ''Acacia simplex'' <ref>Acacia simplex Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_simplex</ref> | ||
| Line 136: | Line 136: | ||
*** ''Tabernaemontana crassa'' | *** ''Tabernaemontana crassa'' | ||
*** ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | *** ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | ||
*** [[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]] <ref>The Anti-Addiction Drug Ibogaine and the Heart: A Delicate Relation | *** [[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]] <ref name="Koenig2015">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Koenig, X.)), ((Hilber, K.)) | journal=Molecules | title=The Anti-Addiction Drug Ibogaine and the Heart: A Delicate Relation | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=2208–2228 | date=29 January 2015 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382526/ | issn=1420-3049 | doi=10.3390/molecules20022208}}</ref><ref name="Alper2001">{{cite book | vauthors=((Alper, K. R.)) | date= 2001 | chapter=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology | title=Chapter 1 Ibogaine: A review | publisher=Elsevier | volume=56 | pages=1–38 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0099959801560058 | doi=10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56005-8 | isbn=9780124695566}}</ref> | ||
*** [[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]] <ref>Extraction Studies of Tabernanthe Iboga and Voacanga Africana | | *** [[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]]<ref name="Jenks2002">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jenks, C.)) | journal=Natural Product Letters | title=Extraction Studies of Tabernanthe Iboga and Voacanga Africana | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=71–76 | date=1 January 2002 | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1057563029001/4881 | issn=1057-5634 | doi=10.1080/1057563029001/4881}}</ref><ref name="Koenig2015"/>><ref name="Alper2001"/> | ||
*** ''Tabernanthe orientalis'' | *** ''Tabernanthe orientalis'' | ||
*** ''Tabernanthe pubescens'' | *** ''Tabernanthe pubescens'' | ||
*** ''Trachelospermum jasminoides'' | *** ''Trachelospermum jasminoides'' | ||
*** [[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']] <ref | *** [[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']]<ref name="Jenks2002"/><ref name="Koenig2015"/><ref name="Alper2001"/> | ||
</li> | </li> | ||
| Line 148: | Line 148: | ||
* [[κ-opioid receptor agonists]] | * [[κ-opioid receptor agonists]] | ||
** Akuammicine | ** Akuammicine | ||
*** ''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma) <ref name=" | *** ''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma) <ref name="Menzies1998">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Menzies, J. R.)), ((Paterson, S. J.)), ((Duwiejua, M.)), ((Corbett, A. D.)) | journal=European Journal of Pharmacology | title=Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida (fam. Apocynaceae) | volume=350 | issue=1 | pages=101–108 | date=29 May 1998 | issn=0014-2999 | doi=10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00232-5}}</ref> | ||
** Akuammidine | ** Akuammidine | ||
*** ''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma) <ref name=" | *** ''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma)<ref name="Menzies1998"/> | ||
** [[Ibogaine|Iboga alkaloids]] | ** [[Ibogaine|Iboga alkaloids]] | ||
*** Tabernaemontana | *** Tabernaemontana | ||
*** ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | *** ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | ||
*** [[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]] <ref | *** [[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]]<ref name="Koenig2015"/><ref name="Alper2001"/> | ||
*** [[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]] <ref | *** [[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]]<ref name="Jenks2002"/><ref name="Koenig2015"/><ref name="Alper2001"/> | ||
*** [[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']] <ref | *** [[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']]<ref name="Jenks2002"/><ref name="Koenig2015"/><ref name="Alper2001"/> | ||
** Nepetalactone | ** Nepetalactone | ||
*** ''Nepeta caesarea'' <ref>Nepetalactone: a new opioid analgesic from Nepeta caesarea Boiss. | *** ''Nepeta caesarea''<ref name="Aydin1998">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Aydin, S.)), ((Beis, R.)), ((Oztürk, Y.)), ((Baser, K. H.)), ((Baser, C.)) | journal=The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology | title=Nepetalactone: a new opioid analgesic from Nepeta caesarea Boiss | volume=50 | issue=7 | pages=813–817 | date= July 1998 | issn=0022-3573 | doi=10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb07145.x}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Nepeta cataria'' (catnip)<ref>Structure and stereochemistry 4a.beta.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.-nepetalactone from Nepeta mussini and its relationship to the 4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.alpha.- and 4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.-nepetalactones from N. cataria | | *** ''Nepeta cataria'' (catnip)<ref name="Eisenbraun1980">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Eisenbraun, E. J.)), ((Browne, C. E.)), ((Irvin-Willis, R. L.)), ((McGurk, D. J.)), ((Eliel, E. L.)), ((Harris, D. L.)) | journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry | title=Structure and stereochemistry 4a.beta.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.-nepetalactone from Nepeta mussini and its relationship to the 4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.alpha.- and 4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.-nepetalactones from N. cataria | volume=45 | issue=19 | pages=3811–3814 | date= September 1980 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo01307a016 | issn=0022-3263 | doi=10.1021/jo01307a016}}</ref> | ||
** Pawhuskin A, B, C | ** Pawhuskin A, B, C | ||
*** ''Dalea purpurea'' (Purple prairie clover) | *** ''Dalea purpurea'' (Purple prairie clover) | ||
** Salvinorins | ** Salvinorins | ||
*** [[Salvinorin A]] | *** [[Salvinorin A]] | ||
**** [[Salvia divinorum]] <ref>Salvia divinorum drug profile| | **** [[Salvia divinorum]] <ref>{{Citation | title=Salvia divinorum drug profile | url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/salvia}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Salvia recognita'' (Turkish cliff sage) <ref> | **** ''Salvia recognita'' (Turkish cliff sage) <ref name="Hatipoglu2017">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hatipoglu, S. D.)), ((Yalcinkaya, B.)), ((Akgoz, M.)), ((Ozturk, T.)), ((Goren, A. C.)), ((Topcu, G.)) | journal=Phytochemical analysis: PCA | title=Screening of Hallucinogenic Compounds and Genomic Characterisation of 40 Anatolian Salvia Species | volume=28 | issue=6 | pages=541–549 | date= November 2017 | issn=1099-1565 | doi=10.1002/pca.2703}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Salvia glutinosa'' (Jupiter's sage) <ref | **** ''Salvia glutinosa'' (Jupiter's sage)<ref name="Hatipoglu2017"/> | ||
** Matrine and oxymatrine | ** Matrine and oxymatrine | ||
*** ''Sophora flavescens'' | *** ''Sophora flavescens'' | ||
* [[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s | * [[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s | ||
** [[Chloroform]] | ** [[Chloroform]] | ||
*** ''Various algae'' <ref> | *** ''Various algae''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Borges, J. T.)), ((Sparrapan, R.)), ((Guimarães, J. R.)), ((Eberlin, M. N.)), ((Augusti, R.)) | journal=Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society | title=Chloroform formation by chlorination of aqueous algae suspensions: online monitoring via membrane introduction mass spectrometry | volume=19 | pages=950–955 | date= 2008 | url=http://www.scielo.br/j/jbchs/a/7YfHX6c9RnqfBgfGMYb5B5j/?lang=en | issn=0103-5053 | doi=10.1590/S0103-50532008000500021}}</ref> | ||
** Hodgkinsine | ** Hodgkinsine | ||
*** ''Calycodendron milnei'' | *** ''Calycodendron milnei'' | ||
| Line 180: | Line 180: | ||
**** Tabernaemontana genus | **** Tabernaemontana genus | ||
***** ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | ***** ''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | ||
***** [[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]] <ref | ***** [[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]]<ref name="Koenig2015"/><ref name="Alper2001"/> | ||
**** Tabernanthe genus | **** Tabernanthe genus | ||
***** [[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]] <ref | ***** [[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]]<ref name="Jenks2002"/><ref name="Koenig2015"/><ref name="Alper2001"/> | ||
**** Voacanga genus | **** Voacanga genus | ||
***** [[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']] <ref | ***** [[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']]<ref name="Jenks2002"/><ref name="Koenig2015"/><ref name="Alper2001"/> | ||
** Psychotridine | ** Psychotridine | ||
*** ''Psychotria beccarioides'' | *** ''Psychotria beccarioides'' | ||
| Line 207: | Line 207: | ||
**[[Chamomile (botany) | Chamomile]] | **[[Chamomile (botany) | Chamomile]] | ||
* Grayanotoxin | * Grayanotoxin | ||
** ''Rhododendron ponticum'' nectar (mad honey) <ref>Jansen, S. A., Kleerekooper, I., Hofman, Z. L., Kappen, I. F., Stary-Weinzinger, A., | ** ''Rhododendron ponticum'' nectar (mad honey) <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jansen, S. A.)), ((Kleerekooper, I.)), ((Hofman, Z. L. M.)), ((Kappen, I. F. P. M.)), ((Stary-Weinzinger, A.)), ((Heyden, M. A. G. van der)) | journal=Cardiovascular Toxicology | title=Grayanotoxin Poisoning: ‘Mad Honey Disease’ and Beyond | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=208–215 | date= September 2012 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2 | issn=1530-7905 | doi=10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2}}</ref> | ||
* Ledol | * Ledol | ||
** Labrador tea | ** Labrador tea | ||
| Line 224: | Line 224: | ||
** [[Perilla frutescens (botany) | ''Perilla frutescens'' (Beefsteak mint)]] | ** [[Perilla frutescens (botany) | ''Perilla frutescens'' (Beefsteak mint)]] | ||
** [[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | ** [[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | ||
* Platyphylline<ref>Pomeroy, A. R., | * Platyphylline<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pomeroy, A. R.)), ((Raper, C.)) | journal=British Journal of Pharmacology | title=Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: actions on muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig ileum | volume=41 | issue=4 | pages=683–690 | date= April 1971 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07076.x | issn=00071188 | doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07076.x}}</ref> | ||
** ''Senecio adnatus''<ref name="Senecio"> | ** ''Senecio adnatus''<ref name="Senecio">{{Citation | title=Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs - 16th Edition | url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/meylers-side-effects-of-drugs/aronson/978-0-444-53717-1}}</ref> | ||
** ''Senecio hygrophylus''<ref name="Senecio"/> | ** ''Senecio hygrophylus''<ref name="Senecio"/> | ||
** ''Senecio platyphylloides''<ref name="Senecio"/> | ** ''Senecio platyphylloides''<ref name="Senecio"/> | ||
| Line 257: | Line 257: | ||
** Erythroxylaceae | ** Erythroxylaceae | ||
*** ''Erythroxylum australe'' | *** ''Erythroxylum australe'' | ||
*** ''Erythroxylum ecarinatum'' <ref>Erythroxylum ecarinatum wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_ecarinatum</ref><ref>Erythroxylum ecarinatum | *** ''Erythroxylum ecarinatum'' <ref>Erythroxylum ecarinatum wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_ecarinatum</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2007 | title=Erythroxylum ecarinatum | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234938/http://users.cyberone.com.au/bwalters/rareplants/erythroxylum_ecarinatum.htm}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Erythroxylum cuneatum'' | *** ''Erythroxylum cuneatum'' | ||
*** ''Erythroxylum vaccinifolium'' <ref>Erythroxylum vaccinifolium wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_vaccinifolium</ref> | *** ''Erythroxylum vaccinifolium'' <ref>Erythroxylum vaccinifolium wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_vaccinifolium</ref> | ||
| Line 314: | Line 314: | ||
*** [[Kratom (botany) | ''Mitragyna speciosa'' (Kratom)]] / [[Kratom | Kratom (Drug)]] | *** [[Kratom (botany) | ''Mitragyna speciosa'' (Kratom)]] / [[Kratom | Kratom (Drug)]] | ||
** Akuammidine | ** Akuammidine | ||
*** ''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma)<ref | *** ''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma)<ref name="Menzies1998"/> | ||
** Akuammine | ** Akuammine | ||
*** ''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma)<ref | *** ''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma)<ref name="Menzies1998"/> | ||
** Alpha,7alpha,7a alpha-nepetalactone | ** Alpha,7alpha,7a alpha-nepetalactone | ||
*** ''Nepeta cataria'' | *** ''Nepeta cataria'' | ||
| Line 338: | Line 338: | ||
*** [[Papaver_somniferum_(botany) |''Papaver somniferum'' (Opium Poppy)]] | *** [[Papaver_somniferum_(botany) |''Papaver somniferum'' (Opium Poppy)]] | ||
** Nepetalactone | ** Nepetalactone | ||
*** ''Nepeta caesarea''<ref | *** ''Nepeta caesarea''<ref name="Aydin1998"/> | ||
*** ''Nepeta cataria'' (catnip) <ref | *** ''Nepeta cataria'' (catnip)<ref name="Eisenbraun1980"/> | ||
** [[Oxycodone]] | ** [[Oxycodone]] | ||
*** [[Epipactis helleborine (botany) | ''Epipactis helleborine'']]<!-- Source? --> | *** [[Epipactis helleborine (botany) | ''Epipactis helleborine'']]<!-- Source? --> | ||
| Line 358: | Line 358: | ||
*** [[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | *** [[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | ||
*** ''Thymus serpyllum'' (Wild thyme) | *** ''Thymus serpyllum'' (Wild thyme) | ||
** Valerenic acid <ref>Identification of the putative binding pocket of valerenic acid on GABAA receptors using docking studies and site-directed mutagenesis. | ** Valerenic acid <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Luger, D.)), ((Poli, G.)), ((Wieder, M.)), ((Stadler, M.)), ((Ke, S.)), ((Ernst, M.)), ((Hohaus, A.)), ((Linder, T.)), ((Seidel, T.)), ((Langer, T.)), ((Khom, S.)), ((Hering, S.)) | journal=British Journal of Pharmacology | title=Identification of the putative binding pocket of valerenic acid on GABAA receptors using docking studies and site-directed mutagenesis | volume=172 | issue=22 | pages=5403–5413 | date= November 2015 | issn=1476-5381 | doi=10.1111/bph.13329}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Valeriana officinalis'' (Valerian) | *** ''Valeriana officinalis'' (Valerian) | ||
** Unknown active constituents | ** Unknown active constituents | ||
*** ''Passiflora incarnata''<ref>Anxiolytic Activity of a Phytochemically Characterized Passiflora incarnata Extract is Mediated via the GABAergic System | | *** ''Passiflora incarnata''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Grundmann, O.)), ((Wang, J.)), ((McGregor, G. P.)), ((Butterweck, V.)) | journal=Planta Medica | title=Anxiolytic Activity of a Phytochemically Characterized Passiflora incarnata Extract is Mediated via the GABAergic System | volume=74 | issue=15 | pages=1769–1773 | date= December 2008 | url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0028-1088322 | issn=0032-0943 | doi=10.1055/s-0028-1088322}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Passiflora actinia''<ref>Possible involvement of | *** ''Passiflora actinia''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lolli, L. F.)), ((Sato, C. M.)), ((Romanini, C. V.)), ((Villas-Boas, L. D. B.)), ((Santos, C. A. M.)), ((Oliveira, R. M. W. de)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Possible involvement of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor in the anxiolytic-like effect induced by Passiflora actinia extracts in mice | volume=111 | issue=2 | pages=308–314 | date= May 2007 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874106006246 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.021}}</ref> | ||
</li> | </li> | ||
| Line 412: | Line 412: | ||
** Meteloidine (cocaine-like alkaloid) | ** Meteloidine (cocaine-like alkaloid) | ||
*** Erythroxylaceae | *** Erythroxylaceae | ||
**** ''Erythroxylum australe'' <ref>https://erowid.org/psychoactives/faqs/faq_natural_high_australia.shtml#COCAINE</ref> | **** ''Erythroxylum australe'' <ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid Psychoactive Vaults : Australian Natural Highs FAQ | url=https://erowid.org/psychoactives/faqs/faq_natural_high_australia.shtml#COCAINE}}</ref> | ||
* Halostachine | * Halostachine | ||
** [[Theophylline]] | ** [[Theophylline]] | ||
| Line 506: | Line 506: | ||
** [[MAOI | Selective MAO-A inhibitors]] | ** [[MAOI | Selective MAO-A inhibitors]] | ||
*** [[Harmala alkaloids]] | *** [[Harmala alkaloids]] | ||
**** [[Coffea (botany)|''Coffea'' (Coffee)]]<ref>Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and β-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article | **** [[Coffea (botany)|''Coffea'' (Coffee)]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Herraiz, T.)), ((Chaparro, C.)) | journal=Life Sciences | title=Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and β-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee | volume=78 | issue=8 | pages=795–802 | date=18 January 2006 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320505007514 | issn=0024-3205 | doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.074}}</ref> | ||
**** [[Banisteriopsis caapi | ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' (Ayahuasca vine)]] | **** [[Banisteriopsis caapi | ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' (Ayahuasca vine)]] | ||
**** [[Nicotiana (botany)|''Nicotiana'' (Tobacco)]] | **** [[Nicotiana (botany)|''Nicotiana'' (Tobacco)]] | ||
| Line 514: | Line 514: | ||
*** Hordenine | *** Hordenine | ||
**** ''Ariocarpus fissuratus'' (Chautle) | **** ''Ariocarpus fissuratus'' (Chautle) | ||
**** ''Boronia inornata'' <ref>Terpenoids, alkaloids and coumarins from Boronia inornata and Boronia gracilipes https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article | **** ''Boronia inornata''<ref name="Ahsan1995">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ahsan, M.)), ((Armstrong, J. A.)), ((Gray, A. I.)), ((Waterman, P. G.)) | journal=Phytochemistry | title=Terpenoids, alkaloids and coumarins from Boronia inornata and Boronia gracilipes | volume=38 | issue=5 | pages=1275–1278 | date=1 March 1995 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003194229400567D | issn=0031-9422 | doi=10.1016/0031-9422(94)00567-D}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Boronia gracilipes'' <ref | **** ''Boronia gracilipes''<ref name="Ahsan1995"/> | ||
**** ''Echinopsis candicans'' | **** ''Echinopsis candicans'' | ||
**** [[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|''Echinopsis pachanoi'' (San pedro)]] | **** [[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|''Echinopsis pachanoi'' (San pedro)]] | ||
**** ''Hordeum vulgare L.'' (Barley) | **** ''Hordeum vulgare L.'' (Barley) | ||
**** [[Lophophora diffusa (botany)|''Lophophora diffusa'']]<ref | **** [[Lophophora diffusa (botany)|''Lophophora diffusa'']]<ref name="ErowidLophopho"/><ref name="TroutLophophora"/><ref name="Gabermann1978"/> | ||
**** [[Lophophora williamsii (botany)|''Lophophora williamsii'' (Peyote)]]<ref | **** [[Lophophora williamsii (botany)|''Lophophora williamsii'' (Peyote)]]<ref name="ErowidLophopho"/><ref name="TroutAnalysis"/> | ||
**** ''Panicum miliaceum'' (Proso millet) | **** ''Panicum miliaceum'' (Proso millet) | ||
**** [[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref | **** [[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref name="Duynisveld1990"/> | ||
***** [[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | ***** [[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | ||
**** ''Sorghum vulgare'' (Sorghum ) | **** ''Sorghum vulgare'' (Sorghum ) | ||
| Line 538: | Line 538: | ||
** Noribogaine | ** Noribogaine | ||
*** ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga) | *** ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga) | ||
** Saffranal <ref>Safranal: From an Aromatic Natural Product to a Rewarding Pharmacological Agent | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637901/</ref> | ** Saffranal <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rezaee, R.)), ((Hosseinzadeh, H.)) | journal=Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences | title=Safranal: From an Aromatic Natural Product to a Rewarding Pharmacological Agent | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=12–26 | date= January 2013 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637901/ | issn=2008-3866}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Achillea distans'' | *** ''Achillea distans'' | ||
*** ''Calycopteris floribunda'' | *** ''Calycopteris floribunda'' | ||
| Line 573: | Line 573: | ||
** Anethole | ** Anethole | ||
*** ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' (Liquorice) | *** ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' (Liquorice) | ||
*** ''Paullinia cupana'' (Guarana) <ref>Benoni, H. | *** ''Paullinia cupana'' (Guarana) <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Benoni, H.)), ((Dallakian, P.)), ((Taraz, K.)) | title=Studies on the essential oil from guarana | volume=203 | issue=1 | pages=95–98 | date= January 1996 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01267777 | issn=0044-3026 | doi=10.1007/BF01267777}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Pimpinella anisum'' (Anise) | *** ''Pimpinella anisum'' (Anise) | ||
*** ''Syzygium anisatum'' (formerly known as Backhousia anisata) | *** ''Syzygium anisatum'' (formerly known as Backhousia anisata) | ||
| Line 587: | Line 587: | ||
*** ''Peperomia pelucida'' | *** ''Peperomia pelucida'' | ||
*** ''Sassafras albidum'' | *** ''Sassafras albidum'' | ||
** Asarone (Alpha, Beta, Gamma) -> [[TMA-2]]<ref>https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal158.shtml | ** Asarone (Alpha, Beta, Gamma) -> [[TMA-2]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid Online Books : “PIHKAL” - #158 TMA-2 | url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal158.shtml}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Acorus calamus'' (Sweet flag) | *** ''Acorus calamus'' (Sweet flag) | ||
** Carpacin | ** Carpacin | ||
| Line 598: | Line 598: | ||
*** Cinnamomum genus (cinnamon) | *** Cinnamomum genus (cinnamon) | ||
**** ''Cinnamomum cassia'' | **** ''Cinnamomum cassia'' | ||
**** ''Cinnamomum osmophloeum'' <ref>Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4003790/</ref> | **** ''Cinnamomum osmophloeum''<ref name="Rao2014">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rao, P. V.)), ((Gan, S. H.)) | journal=Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM | title=Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant | volume=2014 | pages=642942 | date= 2014 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4003790/ | issn=1741-427X | doi=10.1155/2014/642942}}</ref> | ||
**** ''Cinnamomum verum'' <ref | **** ''Cinnamomum verum''<ref name="Rao2014"/> | ||
**** ''Cinnamomum wilsoni'' | **** ''Cinnamomum wilsoni'' | ||
** Croweacin | ** Croweacin | ||
| Line 611: | Line 611: | ||
*** ''Backhousia myrtifolia'' | *** ''Backhousia myrtifolia'' | ||
*** ''Canarium luzonicum'' | *** ''Canarium luzonicum'' | ||
*** ''Melaleuca bracteata'' (only in certain chemotypes) <ref | *** ''Melaleuca bracteata'' (only in certain chemotypes)<ref name="Brophy2013"/> | ||
*** ''Melaleuca squamophloia'' | *** ''Melaleuca squamophloia'' | ||
** Eugenol / Methyl-eugenol<ref>Methyl Eugenol: Its Occurrence, Distribution, and Role in Nature, Especially in Relation to Insect Behavior and Pollination | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500151/</ref> | ** Eugenol / Methyl-eugenol<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Tan, K. H.)), ((Nishida, R.)) | journal=Journal of Insect Science | title=Methyl Eugenol: Its Occurrence, Distribution, and Role in Nature, Especially in Relation to Insect Behavior and Pollination | volume=12 | pages=56 | date=24 April 2012 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500151/ | issn=1536-2442 | doi=10.1673/031.012.5601}}</ref> | ||
*** [[Anethum graveolens (botany) | ''Anethum graveolens'' (Dill)]] | *** [[Anethum graveolens (botany) | ''Anethum graveolens'' (Dill)]] | ||
*** [[Apium graveolens (botany) | ''Apium graveolens'' (Celery)]] | *** [[Apium graveolens (botany) | ''Apium graveolens'' (Celery)]] | ||
*** ''Backhousia myrtifolia'' <ref>Leaf Oils of the Genus Backhousia (Myrtaceae) | https:// | *** ''Backhousia myrtifolia''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Brophy, J. J.)), ((Goldsack, R. J.)), ((Fookes, C. J. R.)), ((Forster, P. I.)) | journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research | title=Leaf Oils of the Genus Backhousia (Myrtaceae) | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=237–254 | date=1 May 1995 | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698514 | issn=1041-2905 | doi=10.1080/10412905.1995.9698514}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum tamala'' | *** ''Cinnamomum tamala'' | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum wilsoni'' | *** ''Cinnamomum wilsoni'' | ||
| Line 634: | Line 634: | ||
** Isomethyleugenlol | ** Isomethyleugenlol | ||
*** ''Melaleuca bracteata'' (only in certain chemotypes) | *** ''Melaleuca bracteata'' (only in certain chemotypes) | ||
*** ''Melaleuca leucadendra'' <ref> Brophy, | *** ''Melaleuca leucadendra'' <ref name="Brophy2013">{{cite book | vauthors=((Brophy, J. J.)), ((Craven, L. A.)), ((Doran, J. C.)) | publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research | date= 2013 | title=Melaleucas: their botany, essential oils and uses | url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=673160 | isbn=9781922137524}}</ref> | ||
** Pseudoisoeugenol (isomer of isoeugenol) | ** Pseudoisoeugenol (isomer of isoeugenol) | ||
** Estragole (Methyl-chavicol) / Chavicol | ** Estragole (Methyl-chavicol) / Chavicol | ||
| Line 666: | Line 666: | ||
*** ''cinnamomum baileyanum''<ref>Australian Safrole Containing Plants (2007) | http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Cinnamomum_baileyanum</ref> | *** ''cinnamomum baileyanum''<ref>Australian Safrole Containing Plants (2007) | http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Cinnamomum_baileyanum</ref> | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum burmannii'' | *** ''Cinnamomum burmannii'' | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum camphora'' (Camphor tree)<ref name="sassprecursors">Huhn, | *** ''Cinnamomum camphora'' (Camphor tree)<ref name="sassprecursors">{{cite journal | vauthors=((C Huhn)), ((M Pütz)), ((R Dahlenburg)), ((U Pyell)) | title=Sassafras oils as precursors for the production of synthetic drugs: Profiling via MEKC-UVD | date= 2005 | url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/2.1.4698.5285 | doi=10.13140/2.1.4698.5285}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum iners'' | *** ''Cinnamomum iners'' | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum laubatii'' <ref>Australian Safrole Containing Plants | *** ''Cinnamomum laubatii'' <ref>{{Citation | title=Australian Safrole Containing Plants - laubatii | date=2007 | url=http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Cinnamomum_laubatii}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum mollissimum''<ref> | *** ''Cinnamomum mollissimum''<ref name="ErowidCinnamomumOils">{{Citation | title=CINNAMOMUM OILS (INCLUDING CINNAMON AND CASSIA) | url=https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/3base/safrole.plants/fafopo/cinnamomum_oils.html}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum oliveri''<ref>Australian Safrole Containing Plants | *** ''Cinnamomum oliveri''<ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Australian Safrole Containing Plants - oliveri | date=2007 | url=http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Cinnamomum_oliveri}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum petrophilum''<ref | *** ''Cinnamomum petrophilum''<ref name="ErowidCinnamomumOils"/> | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum propinquum'' | *** ''Cinnamomum propinquum'' | ||
*** ''Cinnamomum virens'' | *** ''Cinnamomum virens'' | ||
| Line 681: | Line 681: | ||
*** ''Doryphora aromatica'' | *** ''Doryphora aromatica'' | ||
*** ''Doryphora sassafras'' | *** ''Doryphora sassafras'' | ||
*** ''Eremophila longifolia'' (Emu bush) <ref>Australian Journal of Chemistry. 1961 | *** ''Eremophila longifolia'' (Emu bush) <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Della, E.)), ((Jefferies, P.)) | journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry | title=The Chemistry of Eremophila Species. III. The Essential Oil of Eremophila longifolia F. Muell | volume=14 | issue=4 | pages=663 | date= 1961 | url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=CH9610663 | issn=0004-9425 | doi=10.1071/CH9610663}}</ref><ref>Australian Safrole Containing Plants (2007) | http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Eremophila_longifolia</ref> | ||
*** ''Juniper virginiana'' | *** ''Juniper virginiana'' | ||
*** ''Ocotea cymbarum'' (Brazilian sassafras)<ref name="sassprecursors" /> | *** ''Ocotea cymbarum'' (Brazilian sassafras)<ref name="sassprecursors" /> | ||
| Line 688: | Line 688: | ||
**** ''Piper auritum (Hoja santa) | **** ''Piper auritum (Hoja santa) | ||
**** ''Piper callosum'' | **** ''Piper callosum'' | ||
**** ''Piper hispidinervum'' <ref> | **** ''Piper hispidinervum'' <ref>{{Citation | title=Piper hispidinervum: A Sustainable Source of Safrole | url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-479.html}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Piper hispidinervum: A Sustainable Source of Safrole | url=https://erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/3base/safrole.plants/piper_hispidinervum.html}}</ref> | ||
**** [[Piper nigrum (botany) | ''Piper nigrum'' (Black pepper)]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper#Phytochemicals,_folk_medicine_and_research</ref><ref> | **** [[Piper nigrum (botany) | ''Piper nigrum'' (Black pepper)]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper#Phytochemicals,_folk_medicine_and_research</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Duke, J. A.)) | date=16 August 1993 | title=CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849336201}}</ref> | ||
*** ''Sassafras albidum'' (Sassafras)<ref name="sassprecursors" /> | *** ''Sassafras albidum'' (Sassafras)<ref name="sassprecursors" /> | ||
*** ''Virola calophylla'' | *** ''Virola calophylla'' | ||
| Line 695: | Line 695: | ||
*** ''Zieria Smithii'' | *** ''Zieria Smithii'' | ||
** Syringaldehyde | ** Syringaldehyde | ||
*** ''Pilosocereus pachycladus''<ref>Phytochemical study of Pilosocereus pachycladus https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0102695X17301795</ref> | *** ''Pilosocereus pachycladus''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Brito-Filho, S. G. de)), ((Maciel, J. K. da S.)), ((Teles, Y. C. F.)), ((Fernandes, M. M. M. de S.)), ((Chaves, O. S.)), ((Ferreira, M. D. L.)), ((Fernandes, P. D.)), ((Felix, L. P.)), ((Cirino, I. C. da S.)), ((Siqueira-Júnior, J. P.)), ((Braz-Filho, R.)), ((Souza, M. de F. V. de)) | journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia | title=Phytochemical study of Pilosocereus pachycladus and antibiotic-resistance modifying activity of syringaldehyde | volume=27 | issue=4 | pages=453–458 | date=1 July 2017 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0102695X17301795 | issn=0102-695X | doi=10.1016/j.bjp.2017.06.001}}</ref> | ||
</li> | </li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
| Line 814: | Line 814: | ||
* (2R), (1'R) and (2R), (1'S)-2-amino-3-(1,2-dicarboxyethylthio)propanoic acid | * (2R), (1'R) and (2R), (1'S)-2-amino-3-(1,2-dicarboxyethylthio)propanoic acid | ||
** [[Amanita muscaria|''Amanita muscaria'' (Fly Agaric Mushroom)]] *presumably | ** [[Amanita muscaria|''Amanita muscaria'' (Fly Agaric Mushroom)]] *presumably | ||
** [[Amanita pantherina|''Amanita pantherina'' (Panther Cap)]]<ref>(2R), ( | ** [[Amanita pantherina|''Amanita pantherina'' (Panther Cap)]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fushiya, S.)), ((Gu, Q. Q.)), ((Ishikawa, K.)), ((Funayama, S.)), ((Nozoe, S.)) | journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | title=(2R), (1’R) and (2R), (1’S)-2-amino-3-(1,2-dicarboxyethylthio)propanoic acids from Amanita pantherina. Antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors | volume=41 | issue=3 | pages=484–486 | date= March 1993 | issn=0009-2363 | doi=10.1248/cpb.41.484}}</ref> | ||
</li> | </li> | ||
| Line 902: | Line 902: | ||
** ''Verongula rigida'' | ** ''Verongula rigida'' | ||
* [[5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin) | * [[5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin) | ||
** ''Homo sapiens'' (humans) <ref>Barker, S. A., McIlhenny, E. H., | ** ''Homo sapiens'' (humans)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Barker, S. A.)), ((McIlhenny, E. H.)), ((Strassman, R.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=A critical review of reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans: 1955-2010: Reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans | volume=4 | issue=7–8 | pages=617–635 | date= July 2012 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.422 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.422}}</ref> | ||
*** Autistic people | *** Autistic people | ||
*** Schizophrenic people | *** Schizophrenic people | ||
| Line 1,019: | Line 1,019: | ||
* [[Xenon]] | * [[Xenon]] | ||
** Atmosphere of Earth | ** Atmosphere of Earth | ||
** Atmosphere of Jupiter<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atreya, S. K., Mahaffy, P. R., Niemann, H. B., Wong, M. H., | ** Atmosphere of Jupiter<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Atreya, S. K.)), ((Mahaffy, P. R.)), ((Niemann, H. B.)), ((Wong, M. H.)), ((Owen, T. C.)) | journal=Planetary and Space Science | title=Composition and origin of the atmosphere of Jupiter—an update, and implications for the extrasolar giant planets | volume=51 | issue=2 | pages=105–112 | date= February 2003 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032063302001447 | issn=00320633 | doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00144-7}}</ref> | ||
* [[Nitrous Oxide]] | * [[Nitrous Oxide]] | ||
</li> | </li> | ||
| Line 1,026: | Line 1,026: | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Depressants]]</h4> | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Depressants]]</h4> | ||
* [[Ethanol]] | * [[Ethanol]] | ||
** Outer space<ref>Zuckerman, B., Turner, B. E., Johnson, D. R., | ** Outer space<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Zuckerman, B.)), ((Turner, B. E.)), ((Johnson, D. R.)), ((Lovas, F. J.)), ((Fourikis, N.)), ((Palmer, P.)), ((Morris, M.)), ((Lilley, A. E.)), ((Ball, J. A.)), ((Clark, F. O.)) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | title=Detection of interstellar trans-ethyl alcohol | volume=196 | pages=L99 | date= March 1975 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/181753 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/181753}}</ref> | ||
* Hydrocarbons | * Hydrocarbons | ||
** Benzene<ref name="Psychoactive aromatic hydrocarbons">Armenta-Reséndiz, M., Ríos-Leal, E., Rivera-García, M. T., López-Rubalcava, C., | ** Benzene<ref name="Psychoactive aromatic hydrocarbons">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Armenta-Reséndiz, M.)), ((Ríos-Leal, E.)), ((Rivera-García, M. T.)), ((López-Rubalcava, C.)), ((Cruz, S. L.)) | journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology | title=Structure-activity study of acute neurobehavioral effects of cyclohexane, benzene, m-xylene, and toluene in rats | volume=376 | pages=38–45 | date= August 2019 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041008X19301930 | issn=0041008X | doi=10.1016/j.taap.2019.05.016}}</ref> | ||
*** Atmosphere of Jupiter<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter"/> | *** Atmosphere of Jupiter<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter"/> | ||
*** Atmosphere of Saturn<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter"/> | *** Atmosphere of Saturn<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter"/> | ||
*** Outer space<ref>Cernicharo, J., Heras, A. M., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Pardo, J. R., Herpin, F., Guélin, M., | *** Outer space<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Cernicharo, J.)), ((Heras, A. M.)), ((Tielens, A. G. G. M.)), ((Pardo, J. R.)), ((Herpin, F.)), ((Guélin, M.)), ((Waters, L. B. F. M.)) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | title=[ITAL]Infrared Space Observatory’s[/ITAL] Discovery of C[TINF]4[/TINF]H[TINF]2[/TINF], C[TINF]6[/TINF]H[TINF]2[/TINF], and Benzene in CRL 618 | volume=546 | issue=2 | pages=L123–L126 | date=10 January 2001 | url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/318871 | issn=0004637X | doi=10.1086/318871}}</ref> | ||
*** Petroleum | *** Petroleum | ||
** [[Butane]]<ref name="Butane, isobutan, propane and hexan">Barceloux, D. G. | ** [[Butane]]<ref name="Butane, isobutan, propane and hexan">{{cite book | vauthors=((Barceloux, D. G.)) | date=9 March 2012 | title=Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants | publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118105955 | doi=10.1002/9781118105955 | isbn=9781118105955}}</ref> | ||
*** Natural gas | *** Natural gas | ||
*** Petroleum | *** Petroleum | ||
** [[Methylene Chloride|''Dichloromethane'']] | ** [[Methylene Chloride|''Dichloromethane'']] | ||
** Ethylene | ** Ethylene | ||
*** Outer space<ref>Betz, A. L. | *** Outer space<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Betz, A. L.)) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | title=Ethylene in IRC +10216 | volume=244 | pages=L103 | date= March 1981 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/183490 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/183490}}</ref> | ||
*** Petroleum | *** Petroleum | ||
** Hexane<ref name="Butane, isobutan, propane and hexan"/> | ** Hexane<ref name="Butane, isobutan, propane and hexan"/> | ||
| Line 1,048: | Line 1,048: | ||
*** Petroleum | *** Petroleum | ||
** Propene | ** Propene | ||
*** Outer space<ref>Marcelino, N., Cernicharo, J., Agúndez, M., Roueff, E., Gerin, M., Martín-Pintado, J., . | *** Outer space<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Marcelino, N.)), ((Cernicharo, J.)), ((Agúndez, M.)), ((Roueff, E.)), ((Gerin, M.)), ((Martín-Pintado, J.)), ((Mauersberger, R.)), ((Thum, C.)) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | title=Discovery of Interstellar Propylene (CH 2 CHCH 3 ): Missing Links in Interstellar Gas-Phase Chemistry | volume=665 | issue=2 | pages=L127–L130 | date=20 August 2007 | url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/521398 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/521398}}</ref> | ||
*** Petroleum | *** Petroleum | ||
** [[Toluene]]<ref name="Psychoactive aromatic hydrocarbons"/> | ** [[Toluene]]<ref name="Psychoactive aromatic hydrocarbons"/> | ||