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2-FMA: Difference between revisions
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'''2-Fluoromethamphetamine''' (also known as '''2-FMA''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. It is a structural analog of [[methamphetamine]] and is related to [[2-FA]], [[3-FA]], and [[4-FMA]]. 2-FMA produces its stimulant effects through action at [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] receptors in the brain. | '''2-Fluoromethamphetamine''' (also known as '''2-FMA''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. It is a structural analog of [[methamphetamine]] and is related to [[2-FA]], [[3-FA]], and [[4-FMA]]. 2-FMA produces its stimulant effects through action at [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] receptors in the brain. | ||
The sale of 2-FMA on the online [[research chemical]] market was first reported in August 2007.<ref> | The sale of 2-FMA on the online [[research chemical]] market was first reported in August 2007.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Camilleri, A.)), ((Johnston, M. R.)), ((Brennan, M.)), ((Davis, S.)), ((Caldicott, D. G. E.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Chemical analysis of four capsules containing the controlled substance analogues 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, α-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone | volume=197 | issue=1–3 | pages=59–66 | date= April 2010 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073809005490 | issn=03790738 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.048}}</ref>. It appeared alongside other fluorinated amphetamines like [[2-FA]] and [[4-FA]]. It appears to be unknown in the clinical and research literature. | ||
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement]], [[motivation enhancement]], [[increased libido]], [[appetite suppression]], and [[euphoria]]. It is commonly taken either orally or via insufflation and is reported to be highly unpleasant and dangerous to vaporize as the heat can break off the carbon-fluoride bond which in turn can be very toxic. 2-FMA is commonly compared to [[lisdexamfetamine]] (Vyvanse) in its duration, potency and efficacy as a study or productivity aid. A substantial increase in adverse effects like [[increased blood pressure|high blood pressure]] and [[increased heart rate]] are often reported for dosages above the heavy dosage range. | [[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement]], [[motivation enhancement]], [[increased libido]], [[appetite suppression]], and [[euphoria]]. It is commonly taken either orally or via insufflation and is reported to be highly unpleasant and dangerous to vaporize as the heat can break off the carbon-fluoride bond which in turn can be very toxic. 2-FMA is commonly compared to [[lisdexamfetamine]] (Vyvanse) in its duration, potency and efficacy as a study or productivity aid. A substantial increase in adverse effects like [[increased blood pressure|high blood pressure]] and [[increased heart rate]] are often reported for dosages above the heavy dosage range. | ||
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===Psychosis=== | ===Psychosis=== | ||
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}} | {{Main|Stimulant psychosis}} | ||
The use of compounds in the amphetamine class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref> | The use of compounds in the amphetamine class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref>{{Citation | publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse | title=Emerging Trends | url=https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/emerging-trends-alerts}}</ref><ref name="amppsychosis">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shoptaw, S. J.)), ((Kao, U.)), ((Ling, W.)) | veditors=((Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group)) | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | title=Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | date=21 January 2009 | url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 | issn=14651858 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3}}</ref> A review on treatment for amphetamine, [[amphetamine|dextroamphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="amppsychosis" /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hofmann, F. G.)) | date= 1983 | title=A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780195030563}}</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="amppsychosis" /> | ||
===Dangerous interactions=== | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||
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2-FMA is currently a gray area compound within all parts of the world, meaning its regulation lies in a legal gray area and that it is not known to be specifically illegal ("scheduled") within any country. However, people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume. | 2-FMA is currently a gray area compound within all parts of the world, meaning its regulation lies in a legal gray area and that it is not known to be specifically illegal ("scheduled") within any country. However, people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume. | ||
*'''Canada''': 2-FMA would be considered Schedule I as it is an analogue of Amphetamine.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | *'''Canada''': 2-FMA would be considered Schedule I as it is an analogue of Amphetamine.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html}}</ref> | ||
*'''China''': As of October 2015 2-FMA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref> | *'''China''': As of October 2015 2-FMA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref> | ||
*'''Germany''': 2-FMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl114s1999.pdf%27%5D|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Germany''': 2-FMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl114s1999.pdf%27%5D|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''New Zealand''': 2-FMA is an amphetamine analogue, so is a Schedule 3 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576</ref> | *'''New Zealand''': 2-FMA is an amphetamine analogue, so is a Schedule 3 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116 (as at 01 July 2022), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576}}</ref> | ||
*'''Switzerland''': 2-FMA is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': 2-FMA is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Turkey:''' 2-FMA is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref> | *'''Turkey:''' 2-FMA is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': 2-FMA is considered a Class A drug as a result of the amphetamine analogue clause of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<ref>Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | *'''United Kingdom''': 2-FMA is considered a Class A drug as a result of the amphetamine analogue clause of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I}}</ref> | ||
*'''Ukraine''': 2-FMA is considered a narcotic and is illegal.<ref>Про внесення змін до переліку наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин і прекурсорів |https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ | *'''Ukraine''': 2-FMA is considered a narcotic and is illegal.<ref>{{Citation | title=Про внесення змін до переліку наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин і прекурсорів | url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/600-2019-%D0%BF}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||