MDPV: Difference between revisions

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MDPV was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim.<ref>US Patent 3478050 - 1-(3',4'-methylenedioxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-alkanones-(1) | https://www.google.com/patents/US3478050</ref> It was claimed to have potential to be an alternative for racemic amphetamine and, despite showing some desirable qualities such as reduced toxicity as compared to amphetamine, was chosen to not be developed as a medicinal drug.<ref>MDPV Summary | http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_13_Review.pdf?ua=1</ref>

MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reportedly first made available to the public as a [[designer drug]]. Products labeled as "bath salts" containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States, similar to the marketing strategy of [[Synthetic cannabinoids|Spice and K2]] as incense.{{citation needed}}

Subjective effects include [[stimulation]], [[disinhibition]], [[increased libido]], [[appetite suppression]], and powerful [[euphoria]].

Several incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to the use of MDPV, including an unusually large number of fatalities. A total of 107 non-fatal intoxications and 99 analytically confirmed deaths related to MDPV between September 2009 and August 2013 were reported by nine European countries.<ref name="EMCDDA">{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/819/TDAS14001ENN_466653.pdf|title=MDPV: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone)|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref> It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

Several incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to the use of MDPV, including an unusually large number of fatalities. A total of 107 non-fatal intoxications and 99 analytically confirmed deaths related to MDPV between September 2009 and August 2013 were reported by nine European countries.<ref name="EMCDDA">{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/819/TDAS14001ENN_466653.pdf|title=MDPV: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone)|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>

It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

==Chemistry==

MDPV, or 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, is a synthetic stimulant of the [[substituted cathinone|cathinone]] and [[substituted pyrrolidine|pyrrolidine]] classes. MDPV is the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted analog of the compound [[a-PVP]], developed in the 1960s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and as an anorectic, but caused problems of abuse and dependence.<ref>US Patent 3478050 - 1-(3',4'-methylenedioxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-alkanones-(1) | https://www.google.com/patents/US3478050</ref> However, despite some shared structural features, the effects of MDPV bear little resemblance to other methylenedioxy phenylalkylamine derivatives such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine ([[MDMA]]), instead producing primarily classical stimulant effects with only mild entactogenic qualities.<ref>MDPV | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/MDPV</ref>

MDPV, or 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, is a synthetic stimulant of the [[substituted cathinone|cathinone]] and [[substituted pyrrolidine|pyrrolidine]] classes. MDPV is the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted analog of the compound [[a-PVP]], developed in the 1960s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and as an anorectic, but caused problems of abuse and dependence.<ref>US Patent 3478050 - 1-(3',4'-methylenedioxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-alkanones-(1) | https://www.google.com/patents/US3478050</ref>

However, despite some shared structural features, the effects of MDPV bear little resemblance to other methylenedioxy phenylalkylamine derivatives such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine ([[MDMA]]), instead producing primarily classical stimulant effects with only mild entactogenic qualities.<ref>MDPV | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/MDPV</ref>

MDPV is structurally related to cathinone, an active alkaloid found in the khat plant, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, and other schedule I phenethylamines. MDPV, like some other substances in this class, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. MDPV is also reported to have hallucinogenic effects.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/mdpv.pdf</ref>

==Pharmacology==

MDPV is thought to act primarily as a potent [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]]-[[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]]. Reduced re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine results in higher concentrations of the two [[catecholamine]] [[neurotransmitter]]s in the [[Synapse|synaptic cleft]], or gap between [[Neurons|neurons]]. The result of this inhibition is an enhanced and prolonged concentration and resulting post-synaptic effect of dopaminergic and noradrenaline signaling at dopamine and norepinephrine receptors on the receiving neuron. [[Serotonin]] also plays a role, although to a much lesser degree. This sudden increase in neurotransmitter concentration in the brain is thought to be responsible for the high that MDPV produces. Mainly possessing re-uptake inhibiting qualities and not releasing qualities, MDPV could be considered more like [[cocaine]] or [[methylphenidate]] than [[amphetamine]] in method of action.<ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_13_Review.pdf?ua=1</ref> In contrast, amphetamine acts primarily as an agonist to release dopamine and noradrenaline indirectly via activation of the TAAR1 receptor.

MDPV is thought to act primarily as a potent [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]]-[[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]]. Reduced re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine results in higher concentrations of the two [[catecholamine]] [[neurotransmitter]]s in the [[Synapse|synaptic cleft]], or gap between [[Neurons|neurons]].

The result of this inhibition is an enhanced and prolonged concentration and resulting post-synaptic effect of dopaminergic and noradrenaline signaling at dopamine and norepinephrine receptors on the receiving neuron. [[Serotonin]] also plays a role, although to a much lesser degree. This sudden increase in neurotransmitter concentration in the brain is thought to be responsible for the high that MDPV produces.

Mainly possessing re-uptake inhibiting qualities and not releasing qualities, MDPV could be considered more like [[cocaine]] or [[methylphenidate]] than [[amphetamine]] in method of action.<ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_13_Review.pdf?ua=1</ref> In contrast, amphetamine acts primarily as an agonist to release dopamine and noradrenaline indirectly via activation of the TAAR1 receptor.

==Subjective effects==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 MDPV was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim.<ref>US Patent 3478050 - 1-(3',4'-methylenedioxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-alkanones-(1) | https://www.google.com/patents/US3478050</ref> It was claimed to have potential to be an alternative for racemic amphetamine and, despite showing some desirable qualities such as reduced toxicity as compared to amphetamine, was chosen to not be developed as a medicinal drug.<ref>MDPV Summary | http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_13_Review.pdf?ua=1</ref>
 MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reportedly first made available to the public as a [[designer drug]]. Products labeled as "bath salts" containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States, similar to the marketing strategy of [[Synthetic cannabinoids|Spice and K2]] as incense.{{citation needed}}
 Subjective effects include [[stimulation]], [[disinhibition]], [[increased libido]], [[appetite suppression]], and powerful [[euphoria]].
-Several incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to the use of MDPV, including an unusually large number of fatalities. A total of 107 non-fatal intoxications and 99 analytically confirmed deaths related to MDPV between September 2009 and August 2013 were reported by nine European countries.<ref name="EMCDDA">{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/819/TDAS14001ENN_466653.pdf|title=MDPV: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone)|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref> It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
+Several incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to the use of MDPV, including an unusually large number of fatalities. A total of 107 non-fatal intoxications and 99 analytically confirmed deaths related to MDPV between September 2009 and August 2013 were reported by nine European countries.<ref name="EMCDDA">{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/819/TDAS14001ENN_466653.pdf|title=MDPV: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone)|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|access-date=December 27, 2019}}</ref>
+It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
 ==Chemistry==
-MDPV, or 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, is a synthetic stimulant of the [[substituted cathinone|cathinone]] and [[substituted pyrrolidine|pyrrolidine]] classes. MDPV is the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted analog of the compound [[a-PVP]], developed in the 1960s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and as an anorectic, but caused problems of abuse and dependence.<ref>US Patent 3478050 - 1-(3',4'-methylenedioxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-alkanones-(1) | https://www.google.com/patents/US3478050</ref> However, despite some shared structural features, the effects of MDPV bear little resemblance to other methylenedioxy phenylalkylamine derivatives such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine ([[MDMA]]), instead producing primarily classical stimulant effects with only mild entactogenic qualities.<ref>MDPV | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/MDPV</ref>
+MDPV, or 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, is a synthetic stimulant of the [[substituted cathinone|cathinone]] and [[substituted pyrrolidine|pyrrolidine]] classes. MDPV is the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted analog of the compound [[a-PVP]], developed in the 1960s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and as an anorectic, but caused problems of abuse and dependence.<ref>US Patent 3478050 - 1-(3',4'-methylenedioxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-alkanones-(1) | https://www.google.com/patents/US3478050</ref>
+However, despite some shared structural features, the effects of MDPV bear little resemblance to other methylenedioxy phenylalkylamine derivatives such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine ([[MDMA]]), instead producing primarily classical stimulant effects with only mild entactogenic qualities.<ref>MDPV | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/MDPV</ref>
 MDPV is structurally related to cathinone, an active alkaloid found in the khat plant, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, and other schedule I phenethylamines. MDPV, like some other substances in this class, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. MDPV is also reported to have hallucinogenic effects.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/mdpv.pdf</ref>
 ==Pharmacology==
-MDPV is thought to act primarily as a potent [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]]-[[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]]. Reduced re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine results in higher concentrations of the two [[catecholamine]] [[neurotransmitter]]s in the [[Synapse|synaptic cleft]], or gap between [[Neurons|neurons]]. The result of this inhibition is an enhanced and prolonged concentration and resulting post-synaptic effect of dopaminergic and noradrenaline signaling at dopamine and norepinephrine receptors on the receiving neuron. [[Serotonin]] also plays a role, although to a much lesser degree. This sudden increase in neurotransmitter concentration in the brain is thought to be responsible for the high that MDPV produces. Mainly possessing re-uptake inhibiting qualities and not releasing qualities, MDPV could be considered more like [[cocaine]] or [[methylphenidate]] than [[amphetamine]] in method of action.<ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_13_Review.pdf?ua=1</ref> In contrast, amphetamine acts primarily as an agonist to release dopamine and noradrenaline indirectly via activation of the TAAR1 receptor.
+MDPV is thought to act primarily as a potent [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]]-[[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]]. Reduced re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine results in higher concentrations of the two [[catecholamine]] [[neurotransmitter]]s in the [[Synapse|synaptic cleft]], or gap between [[Neurons|neurons]].
+The result of this inhibition is an enhanced and prolonged concentration and resulting post-synaptic effect of dopaminergic and noradrenaline signaling at dopamine and norepinephrine receptors on the receiving neuron. [[Serotonin]] also plays a role, although to a much lesser degree. This sudden increase in neurotransmitter concentration in the brain is thought to be responsible for the high that MDPV produces.
+Mainly possessing re-uptake inhibiting qualities and not releasing qualities, MDPV could be considered more like [[cocaine]] or [[methylphenidate]] than [[amphetamine]] in method of action.<ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_13_Review.pdf?ua=1</ref> In contrast, amphetamine acts primarily as an agonist to release dopamine and noradrenaline indirectly via activation of the TAAR1 receptor.
 ==Subjective effects==