Methylphenidate: Difference between revisions

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===Tolerance and addiction potential===

In terms of its tolerance, methylphenidate can be used multiple days in a row for extended periods of time and is often prescribed to be used in this way. Tolerance to many of the effects of methyphenidate develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects.<ref>Acute tolerance to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10511066</ref> In the case of acute (i.e. one-off) exposure, it generally takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption).{{citation needed}} Methylphenidate presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic stimulants, meaning that after the consumption of methyphenidate all stimulants will have a reduced effect."{{citation needed}}

In terms of its tolerance, methylphenidate can be used multiple days in a row for extended periods of time and is often prescribed to be used in this way. Tolerance to many of the effects of methyphenidate develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects.<ref>Acute tolerance to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10511066</ref>

In the case of acute (i.e. one-off) exposure, it generally takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption).{{citation needed}} Methylphenidate presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic stimulants, meaning that after the consumption of methyphenidate all stimulants will have a reduced effect."{{citation needed}}

As with other [[stimulant|stimulants]], the chronic use of methylphenidate can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

Methylphenidate has some potential for abuse due to its action on dopamine transporters. Methylphenidate, like other [[stimulant]]s, increases [[dopamine]] levels in the brain. However, at therapeutic doses this increase is slow and thus euphoria only rarely occurs even when it is administered intravenously.<ref>Blockade of striatal dopamine transporters by intravenous methylphenidate is not sufficient to induce self-reports of "high" (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9862747</ref> The abuse and addiction potential of methylphenidate is therefore significantly lower than other dopaminergic stimulants.<ref>Blockade of striatal dopamine transporters by intravenous methylphenidate is not sufficient to induce self-reports of "high" (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9862747</ref><ref>Variables That Affect the Clinical Use and Abuse of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD | http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=176483</ref>

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 ===Tolerance and addiction potential===
-In terms of its tolerance, methylphenidate can be used multiple days in a row for extended periods of time and is often prescribed to be used in this way. Tolerance to many of the effects of methyphenidate develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects.<ref>Acute tolerance to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10511066</ref> In the case of acute (i.e. one-off) exposure, it generally takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption).{{citation needed}} Methylphenidate presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic stimulants, meaning that after the consumption of methyphenidate all stimulants will have a reduced effect."{{citation needed}}
+In terms of its tolerance, methylphenidate can be used multiple days in a row for extended periods of time and is often prescribed to be used in this way. Tolerance to many of the effects of methyphenidate develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects.<ref>Acute tolerance to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10511066</ref>
+In the case of acute (i.e. one-off) exposure, it generally takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption).{{citation needed}} Methylphenidate presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic stimulants, meaning that after the consumption of methyphenidate all stimulants will have a reduced effect."{{citation needed}}
 As with other [[stimulant|stimulants]], the chronic use of methylphenidate can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
 Methylphenidate has some potential for abuse due to its action on dopamine transporters. Methylphenidate, like other [[stimulant]]s, increases [[dopamine]] levels in the brain. However, at therapeutic doses this increase is slow and thus euphoria only rarely occurs even when it is administered intravenously.<ref>Blockade of striatal dopamine transporters by intravenous methylphenidate is not sufficient to induce self-reports of "high" (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9862747</ref> The abuse and addiction potential of methylphenidate is therefore significantly lower than other dopaminergic stimulants.<ref>Blockade of striatal dopamine transporters by intravenous methylphenidate is not sufficient to induce self-reports of "high" (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9862747</ref><ref>Variables That Affect the Clinical Use and Abuse of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD | http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=176483</ref>