Ergot: Difference between revisions

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==History and culture==

Ergotism is the earliest recorded example of ''mycotoxicosis'', or poisoning caused by toxic molds.<ref name="Bennett Bentley 1999 Story Ergot">{{cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=J.W. |last2=Bentley |first2=Ronald |title=Pride and Prejudice: The Story of Ergot |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=333–355 |doi=10.1353/pbm.1999.0026|year=1999}}</ref>

Early references to ergotism date back as far as 600 BC, an Assyrian tablet referred to it as a 'noxious pustule in the ear of grain'.<ref name="Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology">{{cite journal |last1=Haarmann |first1=Thomas |last2=Rolke |first2=Yvonne |last3=Giesbert |first3=Sabine |last4=Tudzynski |first4=Paul |title=Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology |journal=Molecular Plant Pathology |date=2009 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=563–77 |doi=10.1111/J.1364-3703.2009.00548.X |pmid=19523108 |pmc=6640538}}</ref> In 350 BC, the Parsees described 'noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed'.<ref name="Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology"/>

Early references to ergotism date back as far as 600 BC, an Assyrian tablet referred to it as a 'noxious pustule in the ear of grain'.<ref name="Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology">{{cite journal |last1=Haarmann |first1=Thomas |last2=Rolke |first2=Yvonne |last3=Giesbert |first3=Sabine |last4=Tudzynski |first4=Paul |title=Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology |journal=Molecular Plant Pathology |date=2009 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=563–77 |doi=10.1111/J.1364-3703.2009.00548.X |pmid=19523108 |pmc=6640538}}</ref> In 350 BC, the Parsees described 'noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed'.<ref name="Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology" />

In ancient Syria, ergot was called 'Daughter of Blood'.<ref name="Wellcome"/> Radulf Glaber described an ailment he called 'hidden fire' or ''ignus ocultus'', in which a burning of the limb is followed by its separation from the body, often consuming the victim in one night.<ref name="Wellcome"/> In 1588, Johannes Thallius wrote that it is called 'Mother of Rye', or ''rockenmutter'', and is used to halt bleeding.<ref name="Wellcome"/>

In ancient Syria, ergot was called 'Daughter of Blood'.<ref name="Wellcome" /> Radulf Glaber described an ailment he called 'hidden fire' or ''ignus ocultus'', in which a burning of the limb is followed by its separation from the body, often consuming the victim in one night.<ref name="Wellcome" /> In 1588, Johannes Thallius wrote that it is called 'Mother of Rye', or ''rockenmutter'', and is used to halt bleeding.<ref name="Wellcome" />

Human poisoning due to the consumption of rye bread made from ergot-infected grain was common in Europe in the Middle Ages. The first mention of a plague of gangrenous ergotism in Europe comes from Germany in 857, following this France and Scandinavia experienced similar outbreaks;<ref name="De Costa">{{cite journal |last1=De Costa |first1=Caroline |title=StAnthony's fire and living ligatures: a short history of ergometrine |journal=The Lancet |date=May 18, 2002 |volume=359 |issue=9319 |pages=1768–1770 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08658-0 |pmid=12049883}}</ref> England is noticeably absent from the historical regions affected by ergotism as their main source of food was wheat, which is resistant to ergot fungi.<ref name="Wellcome">{{cite book |last1=Wellcome |first1=Henry S. |last2=Solomon |first2=Henry |title=From Ergot to Ernutin |date=June 19, 1908 |publisher=Canadian Medical Association |location=Ottawa |isbn=978-1331946151 |pages=1–60}}</ref>

In 944, a massive outbreak of ergotism caused 40,000 deaths in the regions of Aquitaine, Limousin, Perigord, and Angoumois in France.<ref name="Bennett Bentley 1999 Story Ergot"/> In Hesse in 1596, Wendelin Thelius was one of the first to attribute ergotism poisoning to grain.<ref name="De Costa" /> In 1778, S. Tessier, observing a huge epidemic in Sologne, France in which more than 8,000 people died, recommended drainage of fields, compulsory cleaning of grain, and the substitution of potatoes for affected grain.<ref name="De Costa" />

In 944, a massive outbreak of ergotism caused 40,000 deaths in the regions of Aquitaine, Limousin, Perigord, and Angoumois in France.<ref name="Bennett Bentley 1999 Story Ergot" /> In Hesse in 1596, Wendelin Thelius was one of the first to attribute ergotism poisoning to grain.<ref name="De Costa" /> In 1778, S. Tessier, observing a huge epidemic in Sologne, France in which more than 8,000 people died, recommended drainage of fields, compulsory cleaning of grain, and the substitution of potatoes for affected grain.<ref name="De Costa" />

The term "Werewolf" derives from people growling and frothing at the mouth due to Ergotism.

==Chemistry==

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==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot Ergot (Wikipedia)]

==See also==

*[[Lysergamides]]

*[[LSA]]

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==History and culture==
 Ergotism is the earliest recorded example of ''mycotoxicosis'', or poisoning caused by toxic molds.<ref name="Bennett Bentley 1999 Story Ergot">{{cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=J.W. |last2=Bentley |first2=Ronald |title=Pride and Prejudice: The Story of Ergot |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=333–355 |doi=10.1353/pbm.1999.0026|year=1999}}</ref>
-Early references to ergotism date back as far as 600 BC, an Assyrian tablet referred to it as a 'noxious pustule in the ear of grain'.<ref name="Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology">{{cite journal |last1=Haarmann |first1=Thomas |last2=Rolke |first2=Yvonne |last3=Giesbert |first3=Sabine |last4=Tudzynski |first4=Paul |title=Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology |journal=Molecular Plant Pathology |date=2009 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=563–77 |doi=10.1111/J.1364-3703.2009.00548.X |pmid=19523108 |pmc=6640538}}</ref> In 350 BC, the Parsees described 'noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed'.<ref name="Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology"/>
+Early references to ergotism date back as far as 600 BC, an Assyrian tablet referred to it as a 'noxious pustule in the ear of grain'.<ref name="Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology">{{cite journal |last1=Haarmann |first1=Thomas |last2=Rolke |first2=Yvonne |last3=Giesbert |first3=Sabine |last4=Tudzynski |first4=Paul |title=Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology |journal=Molecular Plant Pathology |date=2009 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=563–77 |doi=10.1111/J.1364-3703.2009.00548.X |pmid=19523108 |pmc=6640538}}</ref> In 350 BC, the Parsees described 'noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed'.<ref name="Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology" />
-In ancient Syria, ergot was called 'Daughter of Blood'.<ref name="Wellcome"/> Radulf Glaber described an ailment he called 'hidden fire' or ''ignus ocultus'', in which a burning of the limb is followed by its separation from the body, often consuming the victim in one night.<ref name="Wellcome"/> In 1588, Johannes Thallius wrote that it is called 'Mother of Rye', or ''rockenmutter'', and is used to halt bleeding.<ref name="Wellcome"/>
+In ancient Syria, ergot was called 'Daughter of Blood'.<ref name="Wellcome" /> Radulf Glaber described an ailment he called 'hidden fire' or ''ignus ocultus'', in which a burning of the limb is followed by its separation from the body, often consuming the victim in one night.<ref name="Wellcome" /> In 1588, Johannes Thallius wrote that it is called 'Mother of Rye', or ''rockenmutter'', and is used to halt bleeding.<ref name="Wellcome" />
 Human poisoning due to the consumption of rye bread made from ergot-infected grain was common in Europe in the Middle Ages. The first mention of a plague of gangrenous ergotism in Europe comes from Germany in 857, following this France and Scandinavia experienced similar outbreaks;<ref name="De Costa">{{cite journal |last1=De Costa |first1=Caroline |title=StAnthony's fire and living ligatures: a short history of ergometrine |journal=The Lancet |date=May 18, 2002 |volume=359 |issue=9319 |pages=1768–1770 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08658-0 |pmid=12049883}}</ref> England is noticeably absent from the historical regions affected by ergotism as their main source of food was wheat, which is resistant to ergot fungi.<ref name="Wellcome">{{cite book |last1=Wellcome |first1=Henry S. |last2=Solomon |first2=Henry |title=From Ergot to Ernutin |date=June 19, 1908 |publisher=Canadian Medical Association |location=Ottawa |isbn=978-1331946151 |pages=1–60}}</ref>
-In 944, a massive outbreak of ergotism caused 40,000 deaths in the regions of Aquitaine, Limousin, Perigord, and Angoumois in France.<ref name="Bennett Bentley 1999 Story Ergot"/> In Hesse in 1596, Wendelin Thelius was one of the first to attribute ergotism poisoning to grain.<ref name="De Costa" /> In 1778, S. Tessier, observing a huge epidemic in Sologne, France in which more than 8,000 people died, recommended drainage of fields, compulsory cleaning of grain, and the substitution of potatoes for affected grain.<ref name="De Costa" />
+In 944, a massive outbreak of ergotism caused 40,000 deaths in the regions of Aquitaine, Limousin, Perigord, and Angoumois in France.<ref name="Bennett Bentley 1999 Story Ergot" /> In Hesse in 1596, Wendelin Thelius was one of the first to attribute ergotism poisoning to grain.<ref name="De Costa" /> In 1778, S. Tessier, observing a huge epidemic in Sologne, France in which more than 8,000 people died, recommended drainage of fields, compulsory cleaning of grain, and the substitution of potatoes for affected grain.<ref name="De Costa" />
+The term "Werewolf" derives from people growling and frothing at the mouth due to Ergotism.
 ==Chemistry==
@@ Line 26: / Line 28: @@
 ==External links==
 *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot Ergot (Wikipedia)]
 ==See also==
 *[[Lysergamides]]
 *[[LSA]]