Serotonin: Difference between revisions

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It exerts its effects through the [[monoamine]] [[neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]] affecting the 14 known [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] (5-HT1A,1E,1F, 5-HT1Dα,1Dβ, 5-HT3,4,6,7, 5-HT2A,2B,2C, 5-HT5A-5B)<ref> Frazer, A., & Hensler, J. G. (1999). Serotonin. Basic neurochemistry, 6, 335-346. </ref> 90%-95% of serotonin is located in the gastrointestinal tract, in blood platelets 8% and in the central nervous system 1%-2%.<ref>Kling, A. (2013). 5-HT2A: a serotonin receptor with a possible role in joint diseases (Doctoral dissertation, Umeå Universitet).</ref>

~~Serotonin~~ is commonly referred to as one of many "happy hormones" amongst dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins, these chemicals bring about feelings of happiness and wellbeing.

It is commonly referred to as one of many "happy hormones" amongst dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins, these chemicals bring about feelings of happiness and wellbeing (although this is a major oversimplification).

Approximately 95% of the human body's serotonin is produced in the intestines, where it has been credited with effects related to hormonal, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. <ref>Terry, N., & Margolis, K. G. (2016). Serotonergic mechanisms regulating the GI tract: experimental evidence and therapeutic relevance. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F164_2016_103</ref>What is not absorbed elsewhere in the body is synthesized into serotonergic [[neurons]] for use by the central nervous system or CNS, here the serotonergic neurons can regulate: sleep, appetite, sexual behavior, homeostasis/temperature regulation, pain, and cognition. Serotonin also affects pathological states such as: disorders connected to mood, anxiety, psychosis and pain.<ref>Chilmonczyk, Z., Bojarski, A. J., Pilc, A., & Sylte, I. (2015). Functional selectivity and antidepressant activity of serotonin 1A receptor ligands. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(8), 18474-18506.https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms160818474</ref>Having either too little or too much serotonin can have many negative effects.

Approximately 95% of the human body's serotonin is produced in the intestines, where it has been credited with effects related to hormonal, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. <ref>Terry, N., & Margolis, K. G. (2016). Serotonergic mechanisms regulating the GI tract: experimental evidence and therapeutic relevance. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F164_2016_103</ref>What is not absorbed elsewhere in the body is synthesized into serotonergic [[neurons]] for use by the central nervous system or CNS, here the serotonergic neurons can regulate: sleep, appetite, sexual behavior, homeostasis/temperature regulation, pain, and cognition.

Serotonin also affects pathological states such as: disorders connected to mood, anxiety, psychosis and pain.<ref>Chilmonczyk, Z., Bojarski, A. J., Pilc, A., & Sylte, I. (2015). Functional selectivity and antidepressant activity of serotonin 1A receptor ligands. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(8), 18474-18506.https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms160818474</ref>Having either too little or too much serotonin can have many negative effects.

In the blood, it serves as a [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstrictor]], and could be attributed as the cause of vasoconstriction in most serotonergic drugs.{{citation needed}}

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 It exerts its effects through the [[monoamine]] [[neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]] affecting the 14 known [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] (5-HT<sub>1A,1E,1F</sub>, 5-HT<sub>1Dα,1Dβ</sub>, 5-HT<sub>3,4,6,7</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A,2B,2C</sub>, 5-HT<sub>5A-5B</sub>)<ref> Frazer, A., & Hensler, J. G. (1999). Serotonin. Basic neurochemistry, 6, 335-346. </ref> 90%-95% of serotonin is located in the gastrointestinal tract, in blood platelets 8% and in the central nervous system 1%-2%.<ref>Kling, A. (2013). 5-HT2A: a serotonin receptor with a possible role in joint diseases (Doctoral dissertation, Umeå Universitet).</ref>
-Serotonin is commonly referred to as one of many "happy hormones" amongst dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins, these chemicals bring about feelings of happiness and wellbeing.
+It is commonly referred to as one of many "happy hormones" amongst dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins, these chemicals bring about feelings of happiness and wellbeing (although this is a major oversimplification).
-Approximately 95% of the human body's serotonin is produced in the intestines, where it has been credited with effects related to hormonal, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. <ref>Terry, N., & Margolis, K. G. (2016). Serotonergic mechanisms regulating the GI tract: experimental evidence and therapeutic relevance. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F164_2016_103</ref>What is not absorbed elsewhere in the body is synthesized into serotonergic [[neurons]] for use by the central nervous system or CNS, here the serotonergic neurons can regulate: sleep, appetite, sexual behavior, homeostasis/temperature regulation, pain, and cognition. Serotonin also affects pathological states such as: disorders connected to mood, anxiety, psychosis and pain.<ref>Chilmonczyk, Z., Bojarski, A. J., Pilc, A., & Sylte, I. (2015). Functional selectivity and antidepressant activity of serotonin 1A receptor ligands. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(8), 18474-18506.https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms160818474</ref>Having either too little or too much serotonin can have many negative effects.
+Approximately 95% of the human body's serotonin is produced in the intestines, where it has been credited with effects related to hormonal, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. <ref>Terry, N., & Margolis, K. G. (2016). Serotonergic mechanisms regulating the GI tract: experimental evidence and therapeutic relevance. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F164_2016_103</ref>What is not absorbed elsewhere in the body is synthesized into serotonergic [[neurons]] for use by the central nervous system or CNS, here the serotonergic neurons can regulate: sleep, appetite, sexual behavior, homeostasis/temperature regulation, pain, and cognition.
+Serotonin also affects pathological states such as: disorders connected to mood, anxiety, psychosis and pain.<ref>Chilmonczyk, Z., Bojarski, A. J., Pilc, A., & Sylte, I. (2015). Functional selectivity and antidepressant activity of serotonin 1A receptor ligands. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(8), 18474-18506.https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms160818474</ref>Having either too little or too much serotonin can have many negative effects.
 In the blood, it serves as a [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstrictor]], and could be attributed as the cause of vasoconstriction in most serotonergic drugs.{{citation needed}}