Serotonin: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Serotonin.svg|300px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of a serotonin molecule.]]

'''Serotonin''' (also known as '''5-hydroxytryptamine''', or '''5-HT'''), is a naturally occuring chemical found in humans, animals, and plants alike. Serotonin exerts its effects through the [[monoamine]] [[neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]] affecting the 14 known [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] (5-HT1A,1E,1F, 5-HT1Dα,1Dβ, 5-HT3,4,6,7, 5-HT2A,2B,2C, 5-HT5A-5B)<ref> Frazer, A., & Hensler, J. G. (1999). Serotonin. Basic neurochemistry, 6, 335-346. </ref> 90%-95% of ~~Serotonin~~ is located in the gastrointestinal tract, in blood platelets 8% and in the central nervous system 1%-2%.<ref>Kling, A. (2013). 5-HT2A: a serotonin receptor with a possible role in joint diseases (Doctoral dissertation, Umeå Universitet).</ref>Serotonin is commonly referred to as one of many "happy hormones" amongst dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins, these chemicals bring about feelings of happiness and wellbeing.

'''Serotonin''' (also known as '''5-hydroxytryptamine''', or '''5-HT'''), is a naturally occuring chemical found in humans, animals, and plants alike. Serotonin exerts its effects through the [[monoamine]] [[neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]] affecting the 14 known [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] (5-HT1A,1E,1F, 5-HT1Dα,1Dβ, 5-HT3,4,6,7, 5-HT2A,2B,2C, 5-HT5A-5B)<ref> Frazer, A., & Hensler, J. G. (1999). Serotonin. Basic neurochemistry, 6, 335-346. </ref>

90%-95% of serotonin is located in the gastrointestinal tract, in blood platelets 8% and in the central nervous system 1%-2%.<ref>Kling, A. (2013). 5-HT2A: a serotonin receptor with a possible role in joint diseases (Doctoral dissertation, Umeå Universitet).</ref>

Serotonin is commonly referred to as one of many "happy hormones" amongst dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins, these chemicals bring about feelings of happiness and wellbeing.

Approximately 95% of the human body's serotonin is produced in the intestines, where it has been credited with effects related to hormonal, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. <ref>Terry, N., & Margolis, K. G. (2016). Serotonergic mechanisms regulating the GI tract: experimental evidence and therapeutic relevance. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F164_2016_103</ref>What is not absorbed elsewhere in the body is synthesized into serotonergic [[neurons]] for use by the central nervous system or CNS, here the serotonergic neurons can regulate: sleep, appetite, sexual behavior, homeostasis/temperature regulation, pain, and cognition. Serotonin also affects pathological states such as: disorders connected to mood, anxiety, psychosis and pain.<ref>Chilmonczyk, Z., Bojarski, A. J., Pilc, A., & Sylte, I. (2015). Functional selectivity and antidepressant activity of serotonin 1A receptor ligands. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(8), 18474-18506.https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms160818474</ref>Having either too little or too much serotonin can have many negative effects.

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 [[File:Serotonin.svg|300px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of a serotonin molecule.]]
-'''Serotonin''' (also known as '''5-hydroxytryptamine''', or '''5-HT'''), is a naturally occuring chemical found in humans, animals, and plants alike. Serotonin exerts its effects through the [[monoamine]] [[neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]] affecting the 14 known [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] (5-HT<sub>1A,1E,1F</sub>, 5-HT<sub>1Dα,1Dβ</sub>, 5-HT<sub>3,4,6,7</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A,2B,2C</sub>, 5-HT<sub>5A-5B</sub>)<ref> Frazer, A., & Hensler, J. G. (1999). Serotonin. Basic neurochemistry, 6, 335-346. </ref> 90%-95% of Serotonin is located in the gastrointestinal tract, in blood platelets 8% and in the central nervous system 1%-2%.<ref>Kling, A. (2013). 5-HT2A: a serotonin receptor with a possible role in joint diseases (Doctoral dissertation, Umeå Universitet).</ref>Serotonin is commonly referred to as one of many "happy hormones" amongst dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins, these chemicals bring about feelings of happiness and wellbeing.
+'''Serotonin''' (also known as '''5-hydroxytryptamine''', or '''5-HT'''), is a naturally occuring chemical found in humans, animals, and plants alike. Serotonin exerts its effects through the [[monoamine]] [[neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]] affecting the 14 known [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] (5-HT<sub>1A,1E,1F</sub>, 5-HT<sub>1Dα,1Dβ</sub>, 5-HT<sub>3,4,6,7</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A,2B,2C</sub>, 5-HT<sub>5A-5B</sub>)<ref> Frazer, A., & Hensler, J. G. (1999). Serotonin. Basic neurochemistry, 6, 335-346. </ref>
+%-95% of serotonin is located in the gastrointestinal tract, in blood platelets 8% and in the central nervous system 1%-2%.<ref>Kling, A. (2013). 5-HT2A: a serotonin receptor with a possible role in joint diseases (Doctoral dissertation, Umeå Universitet).</ref>
+Serotonin is commonly referred to as one of many "happy hormones" amongst dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins, these chemicals bring about feelings of happiness and wellbeing.
 Approximately 95% of the human body's serotonin is produced in the intestines, where it has been credited with effects related to hormonal, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. <ref>Terry, N., & Margolis, K. G. (2016). Serotonergic mechanisms regulating the GI tract: experimental evidence and therapeutic relevance. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F164_2016_103</ref>What is not absorbed elsewhere in the body is synthesized into serotonergic [[neurons]] for use by the central nervous system or CNS, here the serotonergic neurons can regulate: sleep, appetite, sexual behavior, homeostasis/temperature regulation, pain, and cognition. Serotonin also affects pathological states such as: disorders connected to mood, anxiety, psychosis and pain.<ref>Chilmonczyk, Z., Bojarski, A. J., Pilc, A., & Sylte, I. (2015). Functional selectivity and antidepressant activity of serotonin 1A receptor ligands. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(8), 18474-18506.https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms160818474</ref>Having either too little or too much serotonin can have many negative effects.