Serotonergic psychedelic: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Lsd brain scan.jpg|thumbnail|315px|right|This image shows how, with eyes-closed, much more of the brain contributes to the visual experience under LSD (right image) than under placebo (left image). The magnitude of this effect correlates with participants’ reports of complex, dreamlike visions.<ref>Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., … Nutt, D. J. (2016). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518377113</ref>]]

While the ~~method~~ of action is not ~~fully~~ understood, serotonergic psychedelics are known to show a range of affinities and efficacies for various 5-HT receptors. As a result, they may be classified by their activity at different 5-HT sub-sites, such as 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, etc.

While the full mechanism of action is not understood, serotonergic psychedelics are known to show a range of affinities and efficacies for various 5-HT receptors. As a result, they may be classified by their activity at different 5-HT sub-sites, such as 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, etc.

Many serotonergic psychedelics, such as the family of [[tryptamines]], have very strong structural similarities to serotonin itself~~, which~~ partially explains the affinity for certain 5-HT sites. ~~It is almost unanimously agreed~~ that ~~most serotonergic psychedelics produce their~~ effect ~~by acting as~~ strong partial [[~~agonists~~]] at the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A receptors.{{citation needed}}

Many serotonergic psychedelics, such as the family of [[tryptamines]], have very strong structural similarities to serotonin itself. This partially explains the affinity they have for certain 5-HT sites. Most experts agree that the signature psychedelic effect is due to strong partial [[agonist]] activity at the 5-HT2A, and to a lesser extent, 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors.{{citation needed}}

The cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops (also known as CSTC-loops) ~~seem~~ to be central to the function of psychedelics<ref>Taylor, S. B., Lewis, C. R., & Olive, M. F. (2013). The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 4, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S39684; [..] The overall output of the basal ganglia is predominantly via the thalamus, which then projects back to the PFC to form cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops. [..]</ref>, which are also regulated by the serotonergic system. These control loops connect brain areas like the frontal lobe, the striatum and the thalamus; they aggregate, process and forward internal and external information.

The cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops (also known as CSTC-loops) appears to be central to the function of psychedelics<ref>Taylor, S. B., Lewis, C. R., & Olive, M. F. (2013). The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 4, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S39684; [..] The overall output of the basal ganglia is predominantly via the thalamus, which then projects back to the PFC to form cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops. [..]</ref>, which are also regulated by the serotonergic system. These control loops connect brain areas like the frontal lobe, the striatum and the thalamus; they aggregate, process and forward internal and external information.

The disruption of the neurotransmitter balance causes these control loops to collapse overwhelmed, leading to the flooding of the frontal lobe with neuronal excitatory glutamate; internal and external stimuli as well as all kinds of non-conscious contents can freely move up to the cerebral cortex and appear as visions in consciousness.<ref>Vollenweider, F. X. (2001). Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 3(4), 265–79. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3181663&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract</ref><ref>[http://www.neuroculturelab.com/portfolio/edelrausch-im-labor/ Edelrausch im Labor] – ''Neuro Culture Lab'' (German)</ref>

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Furthermore, there is an over-activation of the locus coerlueus and thereby widespread [[norepinephrine]] secretion, causing a state of spiritual transcendence and sometimes even intense spiritual experiences.

~~Worth~~ noting is that [[selective serotonin reuptake ~~inhibitor~~]]s (a class of [[antidepressants]] including Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft) can increase the dosage required for hallucinogenic effects in some people (based on anecdotal reports). Some users, however, have found this to be entirely untrue for them, so those who are using daily antidepressants should, at first, only attempt a common dosage.

It is worth noting that [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (a class of [[antidepressants]] including Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft) can increase the dosage required for hallucinogenic effects in some people (based on anecdotal reports). Some users, however, have found this to be entirely untrue for them, so those who are using daily antidepressants should, at first, only attempt a common dosage.

==Examples==

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 [[File:Lsd brain scan.jpg|thumbnail|315px|right|This image shows how, with eyes-closed, much more of the brain contributes to the visual experience under LSD (right image) than under placebo (left image). The magnitude of this effect correlates with participants’ reports of complex, dreamlike visions.<ref>Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., … Nutt, D. J. (2016). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518377113</ref>]]
-While the method of action is not fully understood, serotonergic psychedelics are known to show a range of affinities and efficacies for various 5-HT receptors. As a result, they may be classified by their activity at different 5-HT sub-sites, such as 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>1B</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, etc.
+While the full mechanism of action is not understood, serotonergic psychedelics are known to show a range of affinities and efficacies for various 5-HT receptors. As a result, they may be classified by their activity at different 5-HT sub-sites, such as 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>1B</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, etc.
-Many serotonergic psychedelics, such as the family of [[tryptamines]], have very strong structural similarities to serotonin itself, which partially explains the affinity for certain 5-HT sites. It is almost unanimously agreed that most serotonergic psychedelics produce their effect by acting as strong partial [[agonists]] at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>, and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors.{{citation needed}}
+Many serotonergic psychedelics, such as the family of [[tryptamines]], have very strong structural similarities to serotonin itself. This partially explains the affinity they have for certain 5-HT sites. Most experts agree that the signature psychedelic effect is due to strong partial [[agonist]] activity at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, and to a lesser extent, 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors.{{citation needed}}
-The cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops (also known as CSTC-loops) seem to be central to the function of psychedelics<ref>Taylor, S. B., Lewis, C. R., & Olive, M. F. (2013). The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 4, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S39684; [..] The overall output of the basal ganglia is predominantly via the thalamus, which then projects back to the PFC to form cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops. [..]</ref>, which are also regulated by the serotonergic system. These control loops connect brain areas like the frontal lobe, the striatum and the thalamus; they aggregate, process and forward internal and external information.
+The cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops (also known as CSTC-loops) appears to be central to the function of psychedelics<ref>Taylor, S. B., Lewis, C. R., & Olive, M. F. (2013). The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 4, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S39684; [..] The overall output of the basal ganglia is predominantly via the thalamus, which then projects back to the PFC to form cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops. [..]</ref>, which are also regulated by the serotonergic system. These control loops connect brain areas like the frontal lobe, the striatum and the thalamus; they aggregate, process and forward internal and external information.
 The disruption of the neurotransmitter balance causes these control loops to collapse overwhelmed, leading to the flooding of the frontal lobe with neuronal excitatory glutamate; internal and external stimuli as well as all kinds of non-conscious contents can freely move up to the cerebral cortex and appear as visions in consciousness.<ref>Vollenweider, F. X. (2001). Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 3(4), 265–79. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3181663&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract</ref><ref>[http://www.neuroculturelab.com/portfolio/edelrausch-im-labor/ Edelrausch im Labor] – ''Neuro Culture Lab'' (German)</ref>
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 Furthermore, there is an over-activation of the locus coerlueus and thereby widespread [[norepinephrine]] secretion, causing a state of spiritual transcendence and sometimes even intense spiritual experiences.
-Worth noting is that [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (a class of [[antidepressants]] including Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft) can increase the dosage required for hallucinogenic effects in some people (based on anecdotal reports). Some users, however, have found this to be entirely untrue for them, so those who are using daily antidepressants should, at first, only attempt a common dosage.
+It is worth noting that [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (a class of [[antidepressants]] including Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft) can increase the dosage required for hallucinogenic effects in some people (based on anecdotal reports). Some users, however, have found this to be entirely untrue for them, so those who are using daily antidepressants should, at first, only attempt a common dosage.
 ==Examples==