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1B-LSD: Difference between revisions
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'''1-Butanoyl-''d''-lysergic acid diethylamide''' (also known as '''1B-LSD''') is a novel [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[Chemical class::lysergamide]] class. | '''1-Butanoyl-''d''-lysergic acid diethylamide''' (also known as '''1B-LSD''') is a novel [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[Chemical class::lysergamide]] class. | ||
1B-LSD is closely related to [[LSD]] and [[1P-LSD]] and is reported to produce near-identical effects. | 1B-LSD is closely related to [[LSD]] and [[1P-LSD]] and is reported to produce near-identical effects. 1B-LSD has been found to be around 14% as potent as LSD and expresses itself at the same 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref name=":0">Brandt, Simon D., et al. "Return of the lysergamides. Part V: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐butanoyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1B‐LSD)." ''Drug testing and analysis'' 11.8 (2019): 1122-1133. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2613</ref> | ||
The original synthesis date of 1B-LSD is unknown. Unlike most [[research chemicals]], 1B-LSD has no prior record in the scientific literature. The first reports of 1B-LSD use surfaced in 2018 following its appearance on the online [[research chemical]] market. | The original synthesis date of 1B-LSD is unknown. Unlike most [[research chemicals]], 1B-LSD has no prior record in the scientific literature. The first reports of 1B-LSD use surfaced in 2018 following its appearance on the online [[research chemical]] market. | ||
User reports indicate that the subjective effects of 1B-LSD are extremely similar to those of 1P-LSD. 1B-LSD | User reports indicate that the subjective effects of 1B-LSD are extremely similar to those of 1P-LSD. 1B-LSD acts as a [[prodrug]] for LSD.<ref name=":1">Wagmann, Lea, et al. "In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures." ''Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry'' 411.19 (2019): 4751-4763.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9</ref> The similarities in chemical structure between 1B-LSD and [[LSD]] predicts a near-identical effect profile, likely differing mainly in its rate of absorption and duration. Characteristics effects include [[geometry|geometric visual hallucinations]], [[time distortion]], [[introspection|enhanced introspection]], and [[ego loss]]. Its classical psychedelic effects and favorable tolerability has led it to become popular among novel psychoactive substance users who use it interchangeably with LSD. | ||
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 1B-LSD. It is presumed to have a similar toxicity and risk profile as [[LSD]], although no evidence currently exists to support this. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 1B-LSD. It is presumed to have a similar toxicity and risk profile as [[LSD]], although no evidence currently exists to support this. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | ||
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==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
1B-LSD first appeared on the online research chemical market in August 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=1b-lsd|title=1B-LSD (Google Trends)|access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> | 1B-LSD first appeared on the online research chemical market in August 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=1b-lsd|title=1B-LSD (Google Trends)|access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> | ||
It is unknown who first synthesized 1B-LSD, as the substance does not appear in any academic literature pre-dating its arrival on the research chemical market.<ref name="Brandt2015"></ref> | It is unknown who first synthesized 1B-LSD, as the substance does not appear in any academic literature pre-dating its arrival on the research chemical market.<ref name="Brandt2015">{{cite journal|last1=Brandt|first1=S. D.|last2=Kavanagh|first2=P. V.|last3=Westphal|first3=F.|last4=Stratford|first4=A.|last5=Elliott|first5=S. P.|last6=Hoang|first6=K.|last7=Wallach|first7=J.|last8=Halberstadt|first8=A. L.|year=2015|title=Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD)|journal=Drug Testing and Analysis|volume=8|issue=9|pages=891-902|doi=10.1002/dta.1884|issn=1942-7603}}</ref> | ||
Interestingly, the future usage of 1-akylated lysergamide derivatives as a means to bypass controlled substance laws banning [[LSD]] as a precursor was foreseen in a DEA report from 1988: | Interestingly, the future usage of 1-akylated lysergamide derivatives as a means to bypass controlled substance laws banning [[LSD]] as a precursor was foreseen in a DEA report from 1988: | ||
{{quote3|text=...a reduction in hallucinogenic activity may become acceptable to the U.S. clandestine chemist when he notes that lysergic acid amide is listed as a Schedule III substance in the CFR; therefore, structurally similar substances of this compound are exempted from the CsA amendment. A lucid argument can then be made that lysergic acid N,N-dimethylamide is derived from lysergic acid amide rather than LSD. Carrying this theme to the next logical step one would then assume that the 1-alkyl and 1-acyl derivatives of the N,N-dimethyl isomer would also not be controlled by the CsA amendment. |author=Donald A. Cooper|source=Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse, 1988.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Donald A.|year=1988|title=Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse|isbn=978-0-93211-509-6|work=Proceedings of the international symposium on the forensic aspects of controlled substances|page=79|url=https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/future_synthetic/future_synthetic.shtml}}</ref>}} | {{quote3|text=...a reduction in hallucinogenic activity may become acceptable to the U.S. clandestine chemist when he notes that lysergic acid amide is listed as a Schedule III substance in the CFR; therefore, structurally similar substances of this compound are exempted from the CsA amendment. A lucid argument can then be made that lysergic acid N,N-dimethylamide is derived from lysergic acid amide rather than LSD. Carrying this theme to the next logical step one would then assume that the 1-alkyl and 1-acyl derivatives of the N,N-dimethyl isomer would also not be controlled by the CsA amendment. |author=Donald A. Cooper|source=Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse, 1988.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Donald A.|year=1988|title=Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse|isbn=978-0-93211-509-6|work=Proceedings of the international symposium on the forensic aspects of controlled substances|page=79|url=https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/future_synthetic/future_synthetic.shtml}}</ref>}} | ||
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{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | {{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | ||
Based on its structural similarity to LSD, 1B-LSD likely acts as a [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]] at the [[Serotonin#The_5-HT_system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]] receptor. | Based on its structural similarity to LSD, 1B-LSD likely acts as a [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]] at the [[Serotonin#The_5-HT_system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]] receptor. | ||
The [[psychedelic]] effects are thought to primarily come from its efficacy at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors distributed throughout the brain. 1B-LSD also likely displays binding activity at a wide range of [[monoamine]] receptors, such as those for [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. However, there is currently no data to support these claims. | The [[psychedelic]] effects are thought to primarily come from its efficacy at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors distributed throughout the brain.<ref name=":0" /> 1B-LSD also likely displays binding activity at a wide range of [[monoamine]] receptors, such as those for [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. However, there is currently no data to support these claims. | ||
It has been | It has been shown that [[1B-LSD]] (as well as the acyl homologs [[1P-LSD]] and [[ALD-52]]) are deacylated in the body via CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 into LSD by elimination of the butyric acid, as shown in studies with both human blood serum and in rats.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wagmann|first1=L.|last2=Richter|first2=L. H. J.|last3=Kehl|first3=T.|last4=Wack|first4=F.|last5=Pettersson Bergstrand|first5=M.|last6=Brandt|first6=S. D.|last7=Stratford|first7=A.|last8=Maurer|first8=H. H.|last9=Meyer|first9=M. R.|year=2019|title=In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|volume=411|issue=19|pages=4751-4763|doi=10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9|issn=1618-2642}}</ref> | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
Anecdotal reports from many users suggest that the subjective effects of 1B-LSD are so similar to that of [[LSD]] so as to be virtually indistinguishable from one another. In comparison to other psychedelics such as [[psilocybin]], [[LSA]] and [[ayahuasca]], 1B-LSD is significantly more stimulating and fast-paced regarding the specific style of its physical and cognitive effects. | Anecdotal reports from many users suggest that the subjective effects of 1B-LSD are so similar to that of [[LSD]] so as to be virtually indistinguishable from one another. In comparison to other psychedelics such as [[psilocybin]], [[LSA]] and [[ayahuasca]], 1B-LSD is significantly more stimulating and fast-paced regarding the specific style of its physical and cognitive effects.{{Citation needed}} | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' | ||
**'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]''' - This can manifest prominently during a 1B-LSD experience, particularly during the [[Duration#Come up|come up]] phase, often resulting in bouts of uncontrollable giggles and laughter that can form a feedback loop if around others who are also under the influence. | **'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]''' - This can manifest prominently during a 1B-LSD experience, particularly during the [[Duration#Come up|come up]] phase, often resulting in bouts of uncontrollable giggles and laughter that can form a feedback loop if around others who are also under the influence.{{Citation needed}} | ||
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | ||
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]''' | **'''[[Effect::Ego death]]''' | ||
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*'''Switzerland''': 1B-LSD can be considered a controlled substance as a defined derivative of Lysergic Acid under Verzeichnis E point 263. It is legal when used for scientific or industrial use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': 1B-LSD can be considered a controlled substance as a defined derivative of Lysergic Acid under Verzeichnis E point 263. It is legal when used for scientific or industrial use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': 1B-LSD is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted|title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016|access-date=January 1, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref> | *'''United Kingdom''': 1B-LSD is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted|title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016|access-date=January 1, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref> | ||
*'''United States''': | *'''United States''': While 1B-LSD is not explicitly prohibited by law it is however, a prodrug for LSD, meaning its possession and sale may be prosecutable in the United States under the Federal Analogue Act.<ref>21 U.S. Code § 813 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/813</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||